$160B Market Cap, $5.48B Revenue, $10M EBITDA Per Head: Inside AppLovin’s Profit Engine

1. 0:00 – 1:17

   Intro

   1. AFAdam Foroughi0:00

      A lot of the things that we've been able to accomplish just don't make sense to people, and in a world where things don't make sense, people think you're cheating. The founder mentality's gotta be chase winning. In order for me to get paid anything, the stock had to clear that and then keep going up from there. Almost in every relationship in my life, I was never really present. That fear of blow up is one of my big motivators.

   2. HSHarry Stebbings0:27

      Now, I have interviewed a thousand CEOs of the largest companies over the last 10 years. This guest, Adam Foroughi, is top five I've ever met, easily. There is no company on the planet with numbers like AppLovin. Of all the shows that I've done genuinely in the studio, this is the favorite one for me that I've ever done with a CEO. Ready to go? [upbeat music] Adam, I'm so excited for this, dude. Uh, it's funny, I sent you the schedule beforehand and you're like, "That's a, that's a lot of questions." I, I stalked the shit out of you before this, just to be clear, so thank you for agreeing to this onslaught of questions.

   3. AFAdam Foroughi1:13

      Yeah, I like it. I, I try to go unscripted, so I, I can't say I reviewed them, but it

2. 1:17 – 2:59

   Why Winning (Not Fear) Drives the Best Founders

   1. AFAdam Foroughi1:17

      was a lot of questions.

   2. HSHarry Stebbings1:17

      Don't worry. Reviewing them is always a, a way to have a manufactured conversation, so this is gonna be completely unscripted. One thing that I'm always just trying to understand before we dive in is, like, mentality of entrepreneur. There's two types of people, people that are motivated by losing or people that are motivated by winning. What are you fearful of? Losing, or are you inspired by the thrill of winning?

   3. AFAdam Foroughi1:39

      I think you almost... If you've had success, you almost have to be inspired by winning. Um, i- if you're fearful of losing or you have a fear of failure, I feel like you're almost certain to be stuck. You're not gonna take shots, um, that are material, and you're gonna protect downside more than go after upside, and I don't tend to believe that's really the founder mentality. If you took a risk once upon a time to start a business where there was nothing, you didn't even know what it was gonna become, and you were... You knew the odds were 99, five nines likely that you were gonna fail, that in itself has to tell you the founder mentality's gotta be chase winning. And so over the years, I've taken motivation through winning a- and I, I think it's also important to note that founders don't tend to be motivated by money as well if they're really successful. That, that's something that I like to ask in interview questions, and I've found the best people are motivated by personal growth, development, i- ins- being inspired, finding things intellectually stimulating, winning. But it never tends to be money, 'cause money is a very, very tough thing to continuously be motivated by. Eventually, you will reach a point where money's no longer a motivator, and then you need to find something else. So I've always pushed to win, and I've always pushed to learn and grow, and those are the things that really get me going.

   4. HSHarry Stebbings2:52

      I actually spoke to Kathy on your team beforehand, and she said that you don't care about money anymore in terms of, like, personal

3. 2:59 – 4:17

   When Money Stops Mattering: The Real Founder Motivation

   1. HSHarry Stebbings2:59

      wealth. Can I ask you, how does that change how you operate as a CEO?

   2. AFAdam Foroughi3:04

      There, there was a baseline that I needed to feel like family was good, and I was fortunate enough to, to start a couple businesses before they were successful. So I'd reached the baseline before I started this business. And I said those businesses, I, I really aspired to, to get a single. I just wanted to get enough money where I didn't have to stress about money. Once I co-founded this business with my, my team and we started getting going, I never really needed anything from this monetarily. And so the interesting piece there is, uh, when... As we were building up, we were growing really quickly. And in 2015, we got approached to sell the business for quite a lot of money, i- in the hundreds of millions of dollars, all cash. Had I not had the singles before, it might have been something that was very enticing to just cash out the whole thing at that point in time. But because I knew my bank account was sound, I wasn't in it for money, I was trying to build big, and, and really I felt like this had to be the home run, I was able to, to think about the deal process there logically and understand that the business is growing really well. It's really sound. Why would we give it up on that up- upward trajectory? So we were able to really play along, and I think in large part that's because I didn't start this at all considering the money that I could make from it.

4. 4:17 – 7:54

   $83M CEO Payday: The Truth Behind the Headlines

   1. HSHarry Stebbings4:17

      Speaking of kind of not starting it for the money, your total comp in 2023 was 83 million bucks, making you the eighth highest paid CEO in America. Um, how do you think about that? What do people not see when they read headlines like that? What is the misconception?

   2. AFAdam Foroughi4:33

      Yeah, so th- th- to understand my comp in '23, you gotta l- really look backwards in, in '22. We... When we went public, we went public in '21. Um, i- in the first year, the stock went up to about $40 billion market cap. In 2022, we fell about 92% to a little bit under a $4 billion market cap. I, for the life of the company, had only taken equity that was my founder stock and based on the money that I originally put in the company. So I had, I'd taken no compensation. I was taking basically the bare minimum, um, to have benefits. At the bottom in '22, I made a decision, and that was for the first time to ask for compensation, and the reason I did that is because I felt like I'm public, turning this company around is a big task, and I'd like to align myself with investors to say, "I'm gonna get paid, but I'm only gonna get paid if the stock recovers." So m- the thresholds of compensation that the comp committee on the board granted me were at a minimum the stock was $9. We had to get to the first threshold I think was about 38 to $40. A- and in order for me to get paid anything, the stock had to clear that and then keep going up from there for me to get any sort of compensation. And then, then there were, I, I think, five or six levels from there, so all the way up to, to a return to $80, which was our IPO price, and I had a term to go achieve it. I feel like CEOs who are foundersOriginally started a business taking really big risk. If the belief is that the CEO should then never get compensation ever again, it, it's completely flawed logic. You wanna give people who chase really big upside by creating really big things the potential to continuously have that really big upside 'cause it allows them to, in a way, just mentally stay motivated on what they're doing versus start drifting to other things. 'Cause a- any founder, even at the low point, I was worth quite a bit of money on paper, at least with my equity, could've walked away and started something else. And I've now had three successful businesses, so I believe I could have a fourth, but I really wanted to stay committed to the company and stay aligned with investors. I think the other thing that people miss is that the CEO's job in a company, uh, especially one that's gone from small to very, very large, is an incredibly lonely, very stressful role. And if you talk to, to CEOs and founders, and I know you do, do fairly often, these jobs are brutal. It's... People these days are afraid to talk to me 'cause I'm so busy they perceive, even though I'm not, I'm the same person I was ten years ago, they don't come up to me anymore. Or people inside the company or outside the company, if the stock is doing well, believe you're smarter than you are, and if the stock is doing poorly, believe you're gonna be so stressed out you might jump off a building. Like, it's... You don't understand, like, the things that are going on in the CEO's mind when you, you really haven't done that role yourself, and very few people in the world have built a business from small to very, very large and e-eventually taken it public. So I, I say that to say it's a brutal job. It's lonely. It's stressful. You almost certainly are gonna have distraction from personal life. I don't know many founders who have had that kind of success that have fantastic personal lives. You, you end up distracted from your kids 'cause you're always focused on work. It, it consumes you, and therefore to then say the CEO should take less pay is something that's quite unjust because it's not understanding of the role that the CEO has to absorb.

5. 7:54 – 10:11

   The Hidden Cost of Being a CEO: What No One Tells You

   1. HSHarry Stebbings7:54

      Have you ever questioned the sacrifice in any way? My brother has children, and I watch him have children and be an amazing parent and see my, my parents be grandparents. Dude, I'm just fucking grinding [chuckles] in the office till eleven at night, twelve every night. A little bit of me questions the sacrifice sometimes, if I'm honest. Did you ever?

   2. AFAdam Foroughi8:12

      Uh, I, I would say at the low, low point in '22, I decided to make some changes 'cause I did question the sacrifices I was making. There were two tolls that I saw that were, are, were being taken on my life. One was my health was decaying, and I felt like if I'm this stressed out where I'm not sleeping, I'm drinking eight cups of coffee a day, I'm losing, I mean, losing my hair, losing my fitness, just losing the things that allow me to focus, if I don't reverse that, I'm never gonna be in a place to be mentally sound to run the business. And I felt like as a CEO of a public company, I'm committing for the next ten, twenty years. I, I need to be here a long time. To do that, I needed my health, so I, I stopped what I was doing and reset that. The other piece was I felt like for my children, I drifted a little bit more distant 'cause I wasn't paying attention to them. And I, I think any, any founder or anyone who works at a tech company that's always on knows this experience if they have kids. You hang out with your kids, but your mind is elsewhere. Either that or you're on your phone, and so you're never really present. And what I realized is, like, almost in every relationship in my life, I was never really present. And so what I tried to do to change that is at least take small moments to feel like I was present. And so small moments might be ten minutes at a time 'cause I'm not gonna be able to sit down and have hours at a time. But if I gave myself ten minutes at a time to hang out with one of my children or a couple of my children, I felt like, "Okay, now I'm actually con- committing to them to be 100% present." And that, that was a change. Um, and the third change I made at the point in time was that I started introducing hobbies to myself. So for example, I started learning how to surf in the last year or two years. You have to put the phone down. You have to be completely disconnected. You get mental ease. And in the absence of these changes, I feel like I would have, uh, would've, would've felt like I'm giving away a big part of my own ability to be stable and happy. And by getting that back, I became a better CEO of the business. I became someone who could be more thoughtful and who could be more long-term focused.

6. 10:11 – 14:35

   Down 92%: How Do You Not Lose Your Mind?

   1. HSHarry Stebbings10:11

      You said in 2022 you fell... You kind of dropped it in very casually. You fell 92%. I mean, 92%. What does no one know about respectfully being in a trough, and I can say it now, given we're out of the trough [chuckles] but, like, being in a trough that deep that they should know?

   2. AFAdam Foroughi10:30

      Uh, I mean, look, to fall 92% in a year, you go down almost every single day of the year, so a-and I think most-

   3. HSHarry Stebbings10:37

      Neil Mehta once told me, "What's the difference between being down 98% and 99%? Half." [chuckles]

   4. AFAdam Foroughi10:42

      Yeah, it's a lot. And, and also, like, when you realize you fall 92%, you gotta go up 10X to get back to where you started. So it's like i-it is a, it's a bloodbath. Um, a couple things, like, one is a lot of people think your psyche is tied to the stock, and, uh, I mean, beyond that, when you talk to some execs who are at public companies, they'll say they don't look at the stock price. It, it is... I, I can say I 100% look at the stock price. Like, it is very, very hard to run a public company and say, "I'm just gonna choose not to look at the stock price for, for a few days, week, whatever," 'cause you've got investors. They care. You got your team that cares, and it's a real-time ticker on, on what the world thinks of your business. The, the challenges there are when everyone is telling you that, that the stock is going down every single day, investors are not buying your shares, it's very easy to go, "Am I doing something wrong? Is the business fucked? I-Is something here that I don't understand that everyone else in the world is smarter than me on and understands?" And so it can make you lose confidence and second-guess yourself. In the face of that, I think what's important is if you believe in your business, maintaining conviction. And so we did a couple things a-and, and really that allowed us to turn the business around. As an advertising businessThere's an advertising model that drives a lot of the success that we have on platform. Everything we do is on a performance basis. So advertisers plug in, they aim to get a certain amount of revenue that's more than the ad dollars that they spend on the platform. Now, what delivers that, that equation for them is how potent our advertising model is, and these models are recommendation system models, and that's one of the earlier forms of machine learning that existed, and it's really gotten supercharged with what we see today in AI and the, the research advancements in LLMs. Well, in '22, at the very bottom, we said, "We're on an older version of machine learning. We're gonna completely throw out our technology, rebuild it, and go to what is really cutting-edge and current and i- in the field of recommendation systems." To do that was a big internal change. One, we had to slow down basically all research and development on the current system because we said we're gonna throw it out. It, it's now outdated. It's not gonna carry us forward where we, we gotta go. We had to turn over some people. We had to take some of the people that had helped us get to that point, which again, was a $30 billion IPO and, and up from there and then, then cratered, but a big business. We, we had to turn over some people who were committed to the old system and just say, "The old system's done. We're rebuilding to something new." A- and then we had to have conviction behind that bet and rally everyone at the company that this is the right thing to do, and we're gonna go execute on it and win. And so when you do that-

   5. HSHarry Stebbings13:23

      How did you literally do that?

   6. AFAdam Foroughi13:24

      You have to voice confidence in your own bet. And so it's very, very hard to walk around confident when your stock's down that much. I mean, people are calling you thinking you're suicidal.

   7. HSHarry Stebbings13:34

      [laughs]

   8. AFAdam Foroughi13:34

      So, like, you gotta drown out that noise. Like I said, the CEO-

   9. HSHarry Stebbings13:37

      To check that you're, you're doing okay? [laughs]

   10. AFAdam Foroughi13:39

       Yeah, no, you almost, like, didn't get that, but you got looks like you should probably like, like go consult a therapist because it looks like you're gonna kill yourself.

   11. HSHarry Stebbings13:46

       [laughs]

   12. AFAdam Foroughi13:46

       Um, and, and, and like I wasn't giving off those vibes because like... At least I didn't think so. 'Cause I've always had a belief that so long as we have conviction on a path and we've got a strategy that sounds right and we've got a motivated team behind it, we're good to go. And so I was able to voice confidence internally. In doing so, we were able to retain core team and the important people that we needed to go execute on this path forward. And that- that's really the challenge you get into when the stock falls that much. It's really, really hard to understand how can you retain people, because people are working and seeing the exact same thing that we're talking about, and they're probably, and their families are probably going, "Is this company a piece of shit? Why aren't investors buying the shares?" Well, it's easy to get tricked into believing it is when it goes down 92%.

7. 14:35 – 23:18

   Layoffs: AI Revolution or COVID Hangover? Will the Layoffs Work?

   1. HSHarry Stebbings14:35

      That is a very material shift in terms of technolo- technology architecture, which leads to the layoffs. We're seeing a huge amount of layoffs today. Are those layoffs today, do you think, due to AI efficiency, or do you think it's because of over-hiring in COVID times?

   2. AFAdam Foroughi14:49

      Yeah, I mean, l- look, I think it's the latter today because the former is still yet to take full effect at most companies. But a couple years ago, we, we grew... A- and we've been growing really fast ever since we launched this, this model Axon 2 in, in, uh, April of 2023 and the stock recovered. But I think it was in '24, '25, um, but mostly in '24, we, we had a year where we, we probably grew near double digits, um, sorry, near triple digits, but we ended up cutting the team's staff by 40, 50% in most departments. And the reason I did that then is a belief that if the role was going to get automated or that AI was not being adopted fast enough in those departments, it's time to let those people go and rebuild the organization as if we were building it knowing what technologies were available to us today. And-

   3. HSHarry Stebbings15:43

      Can I just pause you there?

   4. AFAdam Foroughi15:44

      Yeah.

   5. HSHarry Stebbings15:44

      What roles did you assume at that time were going to get automated? If we deconstruct those, going to and then not fast enough-

   6. AFAdam Foroughi15:50

      Yeah, I mean, it's like, like, first of all, like, a lot of... One, you end up over time, companies get bloated. So I said, like, "What are the process-oriented organizations?" Like what, what is created... Even in our company, we run really lean. We've got a really high revenue per employee and EBITDA per employee. But even at that time, we'd gotten bloated over a decade plus. And so I looked at it first like, what are the process-enabling parts of the organization? So one was HR. Um, HR as a function i- is, was, is necessary to have because you've got to be able to do things like hire people and fire people. But our team had gotten bloated, and there was a lot of process that the HR team was introducing in the organization. As a founder, I still remember the days we were 10, 20, 50, 100 people, and you didn't have that much process. You had one HR person per 1 to 200 people, and things felt faster. So I wanted to get back to that point. And so I went through and said, "What are the processes I don't like at the company? Let me just eliminate those." Then we can go through and say like, "Who are the gatekeepers of those processes?" You can, you can remove tho- those people. And then you go to the where are the areas that, that, uh, you're gonna start seeing a lot more automation. So an example in our business is creative production. We felt like AI is gonna get to the point where creatives are gonna be automatically produced. You still need humans to innovate, but you can have less humans because a lot of the design work can be handed off. Um, in engineering, you, you have your best engineers can use these tools to really accelerate themselves, and your weaker engineers might not understand how to use these tools or might only get a 2X instead of a 10X or 100X increase in output. So-

   7. HSHarry Stebbings17:26

      Can I just interrupt you there? On the creative production side, how do you think about the fear of moving before the market's ready? And what I mean by that is, yes, there's a lot of promise, but you can fire before-

   8. AFAdam Foroughi17:37

      Yeah

   9. HSHarry Stebbings17:37

      ... the creative tools are there to deliver what was-

   10. AFAdam Foroughi17:40

       So, so your earlier question about winning ties in here, i- is I don't play in fear of failure or fear of losing. And I also believe on my team across the board, our job for them has to be the right job for them at this moment, and right defined by the best place to have personal development and growth. And, and if we believe that every single person has a good role, if we think that's no longer true, we should part ways, good severance, and make sure they're free to go do something else because I don't like to keep people in roles that areGoing towards a dead end. Now, it was a bet and a belief that these technologies were gonna get good enough to automate these roles away, but we didn't want to take the risk that we were gonna keep people in dead-end roles. That just creates morale hit, that creates this organization that ends up optimizing to people who are, who are just not happy, and we try to optimize to our best performers. Best performers, your A players want free rein to just go crush it, but they don't wanna be distracted by unhappiness, they don't wanna be distracted by people who are working at a role that is almost certainly gonna get automated away. And so by taking it and saying, "Build the culture as if we were building it today knowing what technologies are available to us, what would we look like?" We just went to the what we would look like, and then that forcing function made us have to get to an automated place faster, and w- we... it would've been a lot slower had we had people that were trying to fight adoption of the technology so they were fearful it was gonna lead to their job loss.

   11. HSHarry Stebbings19:10

       Do you think it is possible to have a company of your scale, which according to the numbers was 895-

   12. AFAdam Foroughi19:16

       Yeah

   13. HSHarry Stebbings19:16

       ... with 4.3 million revenue ahead. Um, do you think it's possible to have 895 only A players? Is there a time when you just by nature have to have a 95er?

   14. AFAdam Foroughi19:25

       Yeah. So, so w- our core business, so we, we bought a couple businesses. We have Adjust as an analytics company and Whirl as a CTV business, so those two aren't integrated. They run their own business. So if I just went to the core business, our core advertising products are about 400 people. So call it some very, very high percentage of all the company's EBITDA, um, comes from the core business. So if you then calculate the EBITDA per employee over 400, uh, it, it's a really, really high number. Um, uh, I think it's, it's reaching or, or over 10 billion, uh, 10 million ahead now. And so the question on can you have a team full of A players, not everyone can be an A player in a team. You need some roles that are just there to be process and keep the lights on. Like, we're a public company, so there's certain things that have to happen just, just because they have to happen. But l- HR, for example, like that I touched on earlier, we, we went and took a pretty large HR organization, one that I, I think had 70, 80 people on it, and now might have 15. The people that we retained are your A players in HR. They're the doers who are individual contributors. They just get stuff done. They don't get bogged down in process. And so every organization we said, "How do we slim down to the best people?" And for us, the best people are defined by those that really want to come in and make a difference and learn and develop themselves, but not need process to get there. No management layer, no slowdown. It's just people who just wanna get shit done. And so, uh, that went through the entire organization where we leaned up to just those kinds of people, and then you start looking around the room and you've got great people everywhere, then you enjoy working at that company. And so A players, what I've learned, can exist whether it is a back office role or an engineering role or, or front lines revenue generating role, but A players won't exist in bulk if you have a bunch of Cs and Ds around them.

   15. HSHarry Stebbings21:17

       Can I ask, what role do you dislike most but you have to keep?

   16. AFAdam Foroughi21:21

       I mean, so long as I have, um, all people who are doers, who are really high output, I don't dislike any role, um, 'cause it fits our culture, and every part of that c- comes together to build the business. But it's like as an example, if you look at our exec team, we have CEO, CTO, CFO, and general counsel. We don't have a CRO, we don't have a COO, um, go down the list of other C levels that people might have.

   17. HSHarry Stebbings21:50

       Yeah.

   18. AFAdam Foroughi21:50

       We, we don't have a CMO, w- we don't have a chief people officer. We don't have any of these roles.

   19. HSHarry Stebbings21:53

       CHRO?

   20. AFAdam Foroughi21:54

       None of these people. And-

   21. HSHarry Stebbings21:55

       No CHRO?

   22. AFAdam Foroughi21:56

       No. What's a CHRO?

   23. HSHarry Stebbings21:57

       Oh, I'm, I'm shorting the company. If you don't have-

   24. AFAdam Foroughi21:58

       [laughs]

   25. HSHarry Stebbings21:59

       ... a chief human resources officer, what are you doing? [laughs]

   26. AFAdam Foroughi22:02

       [laughs] I, I, I mean, look, like so the re-

   27. HSHarry Stebbings22:04

       They manage the HR officer.

   28. AFAdam Foroughi22:05

       Uh, yeah, yeah. They manage the next person, then the next person, then the next person to eventually the doer. What... The reason I state this is because we really built a culture of doers, and i- it was... I- it is very, very hard when you've grow up to go from a, a team you started and f- was small and was a team of doers to eventually you get large and you go public, it's very hard to maintain that. We didn't until we ran through the l- layoffs and started leaning up. And really, really the catalyst for me was this guy who's now the CTO, Giovanni, came in and he started looking around the organization and kept saying, "Why do we have these people? Why do we have these processes?" And it reminded me that the most important question to ask in business is why. And so he's inspired me to go, "You know, it's been 10 years. We're working with all these people. We have all these processes that we built over 10 years. Why do we have these things? Why is it that I have this person who has this title who means nothing?" And I, I went through the whole organization and we just went back to the, the founding roots and tried to go back to that culture of doers. And the question why played a huge role in that, and we were able to get to a place where everything was leaned up to doers, so we no longer have a role or a layer that I don't appreciate.

8. 23:18 – 28:23

   Why Most Companies Can't Build a Culture of A-Players

   1. HSHarry Stebbings23:18

      I'm a CEO listening and I want to have a culture of doers and a culture of execution like you have. What are the biggest mistakes you see other CEOs make who want this culture but don't have it?

   2. AFAdam Foroughi23:29

      I think it's really, really hard if the train leaves the station and your team becomes bloated to go backwards. And the reason I say that, and this is a, a challenge in software today, is it's not as simple as go lay off 50%, 60% of people. If the team is bloated and there's a mixture of As, Bs and Cs, your As are probably already long gone, and what's left is like A minuses to B pluses and then go down from there. But it's people who like working in a process-oriented bigger company that are sticking around. If you go fire 50% of people and the culture and the team is mediocre, you're left with half mediocrity. And you're not gonna get to where we hopefully are at, which is just a bunch of A, A players who are doers. The only way to fix a culture like that is to go and fire 99% of people and just rebuild it from the ground up.It's exceptionally hard to do. Not a lot of people understand how to do that because they don't know what they're looking for, and it's very, very hard to do that as a public company. So I think it's challenging. People hear that this is the way to build things, and founders remember the days, the glory days of fifty people in a room just building stuff and things moving incredibly quickly. It's not particularly easy to take a company that's gotten large scale with a bunch of layers, big exec suite, and then take it back down.

   3. HSHarry Stebbings24:44

      Will the layoffs that we are seeing not result in the desired improvements from the CEOs who are making them then?

   4. AFAdam Foroughi24:52

      I, I think if they really know what they're doing and they understand how the company looked when it was highly efficient when it was founded, then it's plausible that it can get back to the roots. But if, if, if it's a company that's gotten bloated to the point of mediocrity and it's just, let's fire half and try to automate roles, it's probably not gonna get to the place that people think it should.

   5. HSHarry Stebbings25:15

      We are seeing a deluge of SBC stock-based compensation, uh, at a level that we almost have never seen before, I don't think in corporate history. Um, how do you feel and think about that?

   6. AFAdam Foroughi25:26

      So we, we've given roughly the same amount of stock, um, every year in terms of absolute amount. It's roughly three hundred million dollars. And so if you think about our market cap, I, I think our market cap's about a hundred and fifty billion dollars. Our burn on stock-based comp is very, very low. And so you can judge us on cash flow minus SBC, which I generally think is the right way to, to judge companies. What's happened in tech though is that there's been an expectation that stock-based comp will be high at companies, and as stock prices have gone down, especially in software companies of late, you have a downward spiral that's formed where all of a sudden a company that was burning three percent of, of their cap table every single year to pay out equity to the team falls sixty-six percent and now you're at ten percent and you're at a level of dilution that's incredibly hard to come out from underneath. And so it makes it hard to bet on those companies when they're burning that much equity. What I found in, in what we did implemented in, in '22 when we fell a lot, is that certain people have enough compensation to not take risk on the stock if the stock's gonna be volatile. And we used to believe that every single person should have equity granted by the company. Instead, we went to a place where we said the top ten to fifteen percent of the company will get equity and the rest won't. They'll have the right to buy equity. A-and there's ESPP programs that let employees buy equity at a discount if they so choose. Otherwise, they'll just be paid on cash. And I remember when I first started my career, I couldn't have taken risks. Like I was basically going paycheck to paycheck, right? Like it's... If you got twenty-five percent of your pay in stock and it went up, great. You feel great. But if it falls ninety-two percent and you're like, "Damn, I can't pay my rent," that's a real problem, right? Like, so we took it to a point where people who had the luxury of being able to take upside got upside. Everyone else got cash comp. They had the decision themselves, and we controlled this burn. And so we got into the position where it just wasn't burdensome to our business. A-and I think companies tend to give away their stock too cheaply and too broadly, not understanding who actually can drive the value of the equity and also believing that the investors are gonna be accepting of really high burn rates.

   7. HSHarry Stebbings27:35

      Why do you believe cash flow minus SBC is the right way to value companies?

   8. AFAdam Foroughi27:39

      I mean, I like-- I think cash is king. I like... It's simple. I, I mean, I look at accounting practices and I look at like EBITDA numbers and like what's clean EBITDA versus not. End of the day, like net income, cash, these are clean things. If, if a company generates a billion dollars of cash but gives out a billion dollars of equity and says, "I'm just gonna buy my equity at a billion dollars," they're not generating any cash. So like what's, what's the real value of that business? Either you're diluting and they're paying all of the cash they generate to buy the equity back to offset the dilution, or they're building up a cash balance that just offsets the dilution. So like what's the point, um, of, of believing that the cash flow is real in that case? So I think for me it's just distill businesses down to the simplest metric, which is cash flow minus SBC.

9. 28:23 – 33:47

   What % of Applovin Code is AI? What Will it Be in 5 Years Time?

   1. HSHarry Stebbings28:23

      We mentioned the creative changes that are happening with AI and how that impacts output. Engineering is one that you mentioned several times. How have you seen engineering productivity change with AI in the last year or two? Databricks, I think, released yesterday that fifty percent of their code is generated by AI.

   2. AFAdam Foroughi28:38

      Yeah. I mean, ours is a higher percentage than that, but it depends on like... L- if you think about percentage of code-

   3. HSHarry Stebbings28:43

      How much would you say yours is?

   4. AFAdam Foroughi28:44

      Yeah, I mean, eighty, ninety percent probably, but like it... That, that discounts quality over, uh, over quantity. So like, I, I think what's important is i- i- you c- if you just shoot out for a percentage of your tokens consumed, you could get to a place where you're just creating slop. If you're incentivizing slop, like you're not gonna get very far as a business. You can have massive fees to go pay the large language model businesses, but you're not gonna get further as a business. What's important is, are your engineers good enough to use these technologies to accelerate what creates value for the company, and can you measure that? And it's great to deploy an army of agents to go, go do my work for me, but if it's unclear what the deliverable is, and it's unclear that that deliverable is aligned with actual growth in the business, then it's just waste. And so it's easy to say, look, percentage of code is, is high because truly, if you set off the agents to start writing code, they're going to contribute more code than humans. But is there value created? And so everything we do with lean team is try to go to value creation. And if you optimize to that, you get the most out of the agents without looking at the superficial metrics, more so trying to distill it to what is your investment in tokens covered by the amount of revenue that you created from the code contributed?

   5. HSHarry Stebbings29:57

      What does it mean to move to value creation? Like how do you do that i-in actuality?

   6. AFAdam Foroughi30:00

      You have to understand the KPIs of the business that drive the business. And so ours, our organization was built pretty nicely for this, for, for the era that we're in. One, we don't have a product organization. Our engineers are meant to be product managers. And if you think about what's happening with AI native or, or engineers today, they have to be-Really imaginative. They have to be product people. They don't have to know how to write code, but they have to be able to audit code, 'cause frankly, you can't just go type out like what you need in a complex system and get a deliverable and it's done. They still need to be able to review the code and make sure what they're checking in is, is safe and high quality. But first and foremost, they need to know what the business needs, and they need to know how to measure it. And so our business with the lean team, and one where when you push a model improvement, it is with certainty that it's easy to see it reflected in accuracy numbers in the model and also revenue growth in the business. The team knows what the KPIs are that they're optimizing to. And because they know that, they can then align with what an agent is gonna, or army of agents is gonna do on their behalf and try to get to that point of get the most value out from the investment that we're making. I think it's very hard in a lot of businesses to understand exactly what are the KPIs that we're optimizing to. So they just go, "Let's just write a bunch of things and see what sticks." Then y- you're walking on a slippery slope. It's you may have so much cost ballooning from token usage that you don't actually get the type of revenue growth you need to cover it.

   7. HSHarry Stebbings31:28

      Can you talk to me about when you optimized for a KPI that turned out to be wrong and what you learned from that?

   8. AFAdam Foroughi31:37

      I mean, our business is pretty simple, so I don't know that, that we ever optimized to something that turned out to be wrong, because we've always optimized to the, the same thing. There are two things that drive our business. If the model is more accurately predictive, it's going to drive more revenue for the cu- c- the customer, the advertiser, than their media cost spent, and everything is measurable in our system. And if that function holds true, revenue should grow as well alongside it. And so because everything is real time tracked and because we've always had a very consistent business model where we don't sell the, the belief that something worked, we sell the actual fact that something worked, and we can measure everything, we ended up in a lucky spot where the business was built really well to be able to go utilize the types of technologies that we're seeing out there today.

   9. HSHarry Stebbings32:25

      You said multiple times about it's very easy to have massive spend on the LLMs and just on the AI slot being created. How did you think about the decision whether to invest in your own model as Harvey did, as Cursor did, TBD on how that goes, we'll see, versus use existing frontier models?

   10. AFAdam Foroughi32:42

       Yeah, I mean, look, like we're, we're not an interface on top of large language models. There, there's usage of large language models in the company for productivity. There's some usage of large language models i- in our core business as well. But a recommendation system model, um, is something that drives engagement, what you see on content on a social network. It's something that drives most advertising products in the world today, Facebook's ad system, TikTok's ad system, ours. And so this is a space of machine learning that really hit its stride about a decade ago, and I would say really accelerated with some of the research that we've seen come out of the large language model space lately. But it's a space where you can't just go defer to the large language model and say, "Hey, based on what you know about this user and the data I have available, what's the next ad to see?" That wouldn't work as well as a custom model built for this purpose. I- in a world where you get to a place where you're in a category where you're utilizing the large language model or you're building an interface on top, you better build a moat really, really fast, given how exceptionally talented companies like Anthropic are about releasing product on top of their own models.

10. 33:47 – 44:09

    Building on OpenAI: Opportunity or Existential Risk?

    1. HSHarry Stebbings33:47

       Do you think the majority of companies we see created today will be commoditized, eaten by Anthropic and OpenAI and frontier models?

    2. AFAdam Foroughi33:54

       I would be very, very nervous if I was building a business as an interface on top of those companies.

    3. HSHarry Stebbings34:01

       What does your team use internally engineering-wise, Cursor or Claude Code?

    4. AFAdam Foroughi34:05

       Uh, most people are on Claude Code. Um, Codex is utilized as well, and Cursor less so these days.

    5. HSHarry Stebbings34:12

       You have eight hundred and ninety-five people today. How many people will AppLovin have in five years?

    6. AFAdam Foroughi34:18

       So it's tough to say. I, I mean, again, it's four hundred people in the core business. We run lean. Um, is it gonna be eight hundred on the core business? I highly doubt it. Is it gonna be fifty on the core business? I'd love it, but I highly doubt it too. So I, I think we're sort of in a, in a range of, of a, a good level for what we need for what we're doing today. Now, if some of the things that we'll take bets on over time work, we'll need more people around other businesses. But if we're just executing on our core business, it's very likely we don't need to, to go hire a whole lot more.

    7. HSHarry Stebbings34:49

       You said about kind of execution team of doers. It sounds great, but it's very, very hard to do, and you need great... Oh, God, I, I sound like a real corporate, but alignment. But you don't do one-to-one meetings. How, how do you do the culture of execution without one-on-one meetings and without the traditional corporate scaffolding?

    8. AFAdam Foroughi35:10

       Yeah. So it's really interesting. So, um, I'll broaden this out a little bit. Uh, one of my beliefs is that really good people figure out a way. They don't need a whole lot of mentorship. So i- if people on my team, if they directly report to me, I never do one-on-ones. I don't do reviews. They're... I- if I go to... If I don't like something they're doing, they know about it in real time via chat. If I like what they're doing, they don't need to know. They, they know that I respect them and, and, and they're good to go. Good people don't need that type of hand-holding usually. And what ends up happening is people who need a lot of development too, those people aren't the people that I want on this team of A-players. And so we tend to shy away from a lot of traditional management techniques. Another example of this is, like something like learning and development. A lot of companies try to structure all the onboarding and learning and development processes in a company to say, "You're new at my company. Here's how you should learn the business."Well, I remember in school I hated classes that were structured. I didn't learn anything. You couldn't retain it. I wanted to learn as I went. And I, my first couple jobs out of school, I came in and I was just curious, and I figured stuff out. I've seen a pattern that our best people come in, they ask questions, they figure things out. And so we don't really have formal learning and development, and it's completely disconnected from what you would expect at a company. Um, but we, we don't wanna structure people. We wanna get really curious minds who come in, who are loud enough to get what they need to get and who can learn. And now I'm gonna tie it to the AI native world today. The benefit of not doing things in these one-on-one silos and very structured is you can document everything in Slacks or transcripted video calls. And if you do that, any new person can come in and go, "Hey, Claude, summarize for me what Adam cares about over the last quarter, and write me a book of everything that matters to him, and take the, the person who's running the best sales calls and summarize what he does or she does for those calls and tell me what I should know on this job." And then, like, you start asking these types of questions, you start getting really good output 'cause all of the information's available to Claude, and you end up getting a person who can actually develop themselves through curiosity and, and output out of the models. And that is a much more capable future employee than someone who was just told, "Here's what you need to know."

    9. HSHarry Stebbings37:25

       You said about transcribed video calls having a lot of, like, quality data that can be used, summarized. That's great. I believe in in-person strongly. How do you think about in-person versus remote and the value derived?

    10. AFAdam Foroughi37:40

        Yeah, I mean, we're, we're-- end of the day, we're a sales business talking to advertisers, so I do believe there's a lot of value to building relationships in person. Um, I, I think you do have a loss in ability to feed that information into the model and show other people what you're doing in those in-person. So what we tend to do is believe the vast, vast majority of communication needs to be written or through video call, and when you need to build a relationship with key clients, you go in person and you take them out. And if you take them out in a social gathering, you can send notes into a chat around that client and have that as your history on the, the in-person meeting. But you can't replace in person. I think as human beings, as we go to this world where bots are gonna do more for us, in person's even more valuable.

    11. HSHarry Stebbings38:23

        I'm similar to you in terms of a focus on execution, and I get told that not everything has to be productive, and sometimes being deliberately unproductive is almost productivity, a la team drinks. I don't wanna do team drinks on a Friday at 5:30. Like, can we not bond over a whiteboard and, like, a project that we're... No, I mean, seriously, in a project that we're working on. We all love what we're doing. Like, can we not do that? Why do we have to go and sit and, and drink in a pub? Like, but I'm told that that's productive culture building.

    12. AFAdam Foroughi38:53

        What I've found is in the most productive moments in- with your best people, you get into heated debates, like yelling matches. And if you get really heated with someone and you go right back to, "Let's just crank," and there's not moments where you go out to dinner, you have drinks, you get to bond, you sometimes lose the human side of things, and you sometimes get in a place where resentment can build and then things can become unproductive. When you remember that you're just a bunch of smart people in a room trying to figure shit out, and you really remember that at something like a dinner, at something like drinks, y-you end up creating, I think, productivity out of those moments. The other thing I've found is when we go out and, and we drink and we start shooting the shit, really good ideas can come of that too. It's not that we're going out and with a bunch of coworkers and talking about baseball. We're going out with a bunch of coworkers and, and getting drunk together and talking about work opportunities, and sometimes your best ideas come out of those moments.

    13. HSHarry Stebbings39:50

        You also don't attend conferences. Why don't you attend conferences? How do you think about that?

    14. AFAdam Foroughi39:56

        That, that's, uh, that's not true anymore. I do go to conferences now. So when we fell in two thousand twenty-two, um, one of the things we did on the investor relations side... You fall ninety-two percent, no one's buying your stock. We said, "We're gonna buy our own shares, and we're gonna shut down investor relations," 'cause what's the point? Why do I need to go to a conference to explain to everyone who's selling my shares to buy my shares? You're not gonna convince someone to buy your shares when they're convinced every day you're going down. And so I just said a better use of my time is focusing internal and focusing on the long term, and it's a bad use of my time to go to conferences. And as a public company CEO, you are supposed to go to conferences. You're supposed to meet with investors. So for a period of a couple years there, '22 and '23, we basically just shut all that down. Eventually, when the stock started gaining traction and the market cap was really recovering, I realized those were key parts of the role, and I, I like to challenge myself and do things well, even if they're uncomfortable to me. And so, uh, I mean, here we're sitting and we're having a one-on-one conversation that'll eventually air. Th-this is relaxed, but, like, going to a conference, speaking in front of a couple hundred people, I've always had a fear of public speaking, and so I-I'm an introverted person that didn't want to put myself out there, but what I realized is now that we're playing at higher stakes tables, the company's getting bigger, we need to be out there. We need to be conveying what is it that we do so that people can understand the business model and can understand the prospects of the business model. And so I started doing more conferences over the last couple years. I, I think they've been rewarding because it's challenged me to do something I'm un- that's naturally uncomfortable for me.

    15. HSHarry Stebbings41:30

        What else other than public speaking, I'm just intrigued, remains uncomfortable, but you have to do it all the same?

    16. AFAdam Foroughi41:37

        Yeah. I, so I, I'd say maybe the only other thing that comes to mind right now is it took me a long time to learn how to delegate, and this is something that I actually committed to, uh, in that, in the dark year of '22 as well. It, it was... I was a very controlling, hands-on CEO for a very long time. I ran... It, it was almost like all roads of the company went up to me. And when we, we fell and I realized I'm not making great decisions for the businessI also realized other people are smarter at other aspects of the business than, than I am. And so why am I not deferring to them? Why am I not delegating? And so where I got to was I started stripping away my own roles, and actually it, it was almost not that I was handing things off, it was that the rest of the team said, "I'm gonna come in and just take these things away." Like, and, and again, this, this Giovanni, I'll give, I'll give another example is he just started taking the product role that I had run and owned for a decade at the company. He took it away from me. And it was great because now I can ride sidecar. I can see what the team does, but I don't have to be on, in the weeds. And so it freed me up to do more strategic thought for the business long term. It freed me up to do more investor relations. But it's very, very hard as a controlling founder-led type business to have the founder go, "I'm gonna hand things off." And so those two things I think were, one internal, one external, were, were important for me to really see as flaws and try to grow and develop through.

    17. HSHarry Stebbings43:07

        I think we've seen this prevailing trend of anti-delegation now, which is, you know, Paul Graham's founder mode and the importance of being in the weeds on certainly a number of things that traditionally would be delegated. How do you think about the power of delegation, that importance of delegation with the rise of founder mode and founders being told, "Go back"?

    18. AFAdam Foroughi43:26

        The, the whole notion of founder mode is an extreme reaction to e-extreme bloat that got created in most Silicon Valley companies over the last decade. So like i-if you're in a company with a bunch of layers and a bunch of process, how do you reverse it? I mean, we talked earlier about how y- you know, a team of mediocrity, that you can't reverse back to a team of high output. And so in large part, the only way to reverse is to have a f- founder that takes control back. But once you get to that lean team of highly exceptional doers, i-if you're then controlling and not delegating, then what are you doing? You have a whole bunch of exceptional talent around you who in theory on their own roles in the business is gonna be more of a subject matter expert than one individual who runs the business can be. In, in that case, delegation is very powerful.

11. 44:09 – 50:10

    The Dark Side of Short Sellers & Market Manipulation

    1. HSHarry Stebbings44:09

       I have to ask, there was a day where the stock fell 23% and it was... The, the caption here is the short seller war. I'm just really intrigued. Short sellers have come after you like multiple times now. Is there like a flaw in the mechanics of the market?

    2. AFAdam Foroughi44:25

       Yeah, I mean, look, fir-first of all, like when you go down 92% in a year, you, you sort of learn to take your beatings. And so I-I've gotten to the point like that was a massive blessing, go public and immediately take that beating. You realize that the public markets are volatile. There's things outside your control. The short seller attacks were not particularly surprising to me because we went from a low point of $9 a share to a high point of $750 a share in two, two and a half years. And so that kind of a run up from under $4 billion market cap to, to around $250 billion market cap, I don't know of anything, any other company has ever seen that kind of value creation in that short amount of time in history. And, and then you looked at the companies that were at our market cap, all names that people would recognize, and then goofy named AppLovin. Nobody knows what advertising businesses do, let alone the goofy name. And so we sort of expected it because we weren't out there promoting ourselves. We were just executing the business. And I think because we grew so quickly, both revenue, profit, and stock price, we sort of failed to put our story out there proactively, and then therefore we were sitting ducks for people that wanted to create manipulation or narrative to cause the stock to go down. Now, the thing I don't like about short sellers in the way the market's constructed today is they can take a position, uh, uh, take a large bet on puts or sell their research to hedge funds who take a large bet on puts and put overl-overly dramatic articles out there to try to spook investors to sell off a stock. And at the beginning of their short report, they'll say, "We've most likely covered our short report by... Or our short position by the time you're reading this report." And so there is not only this massive financial incentive to make the post much more dramatic than, than necessary or real, there's also n-not really any downside or protection against what they post. They don't have to be accurate because they go disclose everything they do. Now, on the other side, we, myself as a public company executive, we operate within the boundaries of the SEC. We have to be accurate in everything we say. We cannot go out and be misleading in any statements.

    3. HSHarry Stebbings46:37

       [coughs]

    4. AFAdam Foroughi46:37

       And so i-it's very, very difficult to be in that position, unable to address these types of reports and get attacked by, by people that don't have any sort of downside to what they're posting and have quite a bit of financial gain to come from attacking companies that people know less about. What it did for us were two things. I mean, one, our team understands volatility. Like I said, you go down by as much as we did in the first year post IPO, the team that's still there doesn't have a problem with volatility, and most likely they have a lot of conviction in the business model and the, the path to the future. So some of the team, it was funny, like, 'cause you don't usually want people posting responses, but so-some of our leaders were posting... You know, it's funny that the short sellers, because we're so good at what we do and the model that we built, they can't come up with anything other than we're cheating. And so like th-there was a lot of pride in what we built coming out from the team. So I knew that the team was sound and we were gonna be able to recover from any sort of attack. The, the second piece that it did as a forcing function was it required us to go out to investors and the market and do more things about marketing the company and explaining the business. And so in a way, it was like a rip off the Band-Aid moment for us when it comes to marketing. We had to make ourselves more available, and we had to be able to articulate what it is that we do in a clearer way.

    5. HSHarry Stebbings48:00

       Was it a mistake to not invest in brand marketing, brand awareness before that?

    6. AFAdam Foroughi48:05

       Uh, look, look, it's easy to say in hindsight i-it could have been a mistake. Um, we grew really fast. Like I said, when you're going... Your head's down, you're working in a lean organization,

    7. HSHarry Stebbings48:16

       Plus, what was the revenue growth year one, year two, year three? K-kind of ballpark, just-

    8. AFAdam Foroughi48:20

       You know, honestly, I, I don't remember our exacts, but, like, near triple digits each year. I mean, our rule of fifty in the last-- rule of forty, sorry, in the last quarter I think was like a hundred and fifty. So, like, not only are we growing, we grew, like, seventy percent year over year. We have eighty, I think, four percent EBITDA margins. So, like, it's the revenue growth since we launched Axon two model has been astounding. The profitability profile of the business is crazy. The business is expanding without adding heads. Um, we, we have a very odd financial profile 'cause when you look at it, like, you go, "How can a business have eighty-four percent EBITDA margins?" It, it just-- There's not another comp in the world that looks like it. And so a lot of the things that we've been able to accomplish just don't make sense to people. And in a world where things don't make sense, people think you're cheating instead of realizing you built one of the cooler technologies the world's ever seen. And then you go, like, as a team and me as the, the CEO of the business, it's my responsibility to go out and explain the business. I owe it to my team who's built this really cool technology to go explain the business, and we owe it to our partners in the industry. 'Cause when people take shots on us, on the other side, you've got advertisers who are buying on a performance basis. They're spending billions of dollars a year. We put out that a year ago, the scale of investment on our platform was eleven billion dollar run rate. We've grown a ton since then, so that was a little over a year ago. So you're talking well over ten billion dollars a year of dollars spent on a performance basis. So shot on us is effectively calling all these advertisers that are spending at that large scale a bunch of morons. So not only do I owe it to my team, I owe it to our clients to go out and explain our business and explain why some of the world's best marketers are buying on the other side. Some of the world's best businesses are growing really quickly and profitably on the other side. A-and our engineers have built really exceptional

12. 50:10 – 52:07

    Do Great Founders Doubt Themselves?

    1. AFAdam Foroughi50:10

       technology.

    2. HSHarry Stebbings50:11

       Two things. You speak with such confidence. You said shots on you. Do you give a shit what other people think about you?

    3. AFAdam Foroughi50:17

       [sighs] A long time ago, I realized you can't control that, so no.

    4. HSHarry Stebbings50:20

       Okay. You don't. Do you ever doubt yourself? You speak with such confidence and such assuredness. Dude, I wanna fucking follow you.

    5. AFAdam Foroughi50:28

       [chuckles]

    6. HSHarry Stebbings50:28

       No, I'm being serious. I'm like, w-a-and this is very rare, but there are moments when you're just you and your wife in the kitchen and your head is in your hands, say, "Fuck."

    7. AFAdam Foroughi50:37

       Uh.

    8. HSHarry Stebbings50:38

       Do, do you have a doubt or not?

    9. AFAdam Foroughi50:39

       You know, I'll say, like, building the business, almost every morning I'd wake up thinking, "I gotta check stats, make sure we're still operating, or are we gonna go bankrupt today?" And like, so in a way, I've always had this doubt that this is real, that what we're building is gonna last, that what we're building is gonna be really big. And i-in, in essence, like, that fear of blow up is one of my big motivators. And so I, I feel like I always have that doubt. I don't ever feel like we've made it, and that pushes a lot of us to wanna keep pushing forward 'cause we are in a very, very tough space. Advertising is very competitive. And we have... Obviously, there's a lot of technology that's improving in terms of technology capability for our performance stack, but also that forces us to continue to be innovative, otherwise we'd fall behind peers. And so if we ever get complacent, we're almost certain to lose. And I always tell investors or team, "If at any moment I sound like I don't have conviction in our future path, we're sort of reeling, that would be a moment to doubt us." But I don't feel that way because I can-- I've been doing this a very, very long time, and with the team that I've got working on these technologies, this product, this platform, and the opportunities in front of us, I've always had conviction that the future was gonna be better than the past. And that has kept me in a position where I can voice confidence in what we're doing.

13. 52:07 – 53:12

    TikTok, Meta & The Future of Recommendation Engines

    1. HSHarry Stebbings52:07

       One of my very dear friends has built up a half a billion dollar position in, in ByteDance, obviously, TikTok's parent company. And he said one of the reasons is 'cause he ha- they have the most advanced targeting engine in the world. Would you agree and where-

    2. AFAdam Foroughi52:19

       I, I, I would say when it comes to engagement, creating the ability for a social network to not need any social interaction and still be able to deliver you fantastic content, the TikTok recommendation algo is quite phenomenal. And if you think about recommendation systems, like what's the world we operate in? Well, on the one hand, the content you see on Instagram, the content you see on TikTok is very dialed in to what you're interested in. It, it is a constant loop. It's very interesting. The advertising systems too, the ads you see on Instagram have become very much like content. They're highly relevant. The ads that we're able to show consumers now are getting very con- relevant, and they drive action. As the technology and recommendation system models and just generally in AI models has gotten better, the capacity to serve more relevant, more targeted ads to the consumer, even knowing less about the person, has gotten so good that people are really able to use the advertising to discover the products

14. 53:12 – 56:33

    The Path to a $1 Trillion Company: What Needs to Happen?

    1. AFAdam Foroughi53:12

       that they want.

    2. HSHarry Stebbings53:13

       We mentioned TikTok and we mentioned Meta there. For AppLovin currently valued say circa a hundred and fifty billion market cap, whatever it is precisely, but give or take. For AppLovin to be a trillion dollar company, do you have to be a social network as well?

    3. AFAdam Foroughi53:28

       Um, no. I, I think, look, if you think about, like, what, what creates a trillion dollar business, and I sort of said cash flow minus SBC before is a real, real important metric, right? Like i-if we ever got to generating thirty, thirty-five billion dollars of cash a year, we'd probably be a trillion dollar business, right? So you think about what can get us to that point. And so there, there's a couple things that can get us there. One is continued execution in the domain that we're in. We think we can get much bigger just at better monetizing the gaming audience. It's a billion plus daily active users who play these games. Adult audience, a lot of heads of household. The next thing you think about is how do you expand what you have? So in the past, I've talked about connected TV as one of the holy grails of advertising. If you can port the performance ad we serve on mobile to the television and allow small and medium sized businesses to serve there and make it all performance-based, that's a really big unlock. So it's something we still, we still take seriously.Then you think about what are other applications of the technology. We're really good at advertising model. We have yet to have a chance to have our, our team work on an engagement model. So a social network for us is not a requirement to get to a trillion dollars. It's an interesting play to recruit talent and continue to tune our skills and modeling. And as you think about the, the research labs and any company that's building models, they better have things to, to-- that are interesting for new researchers to come in to work on new applications of technology. And so for us, a lot of these bets will also be means to go hire into some of the best people in the world. And if we execute on it, obviously great, but not a requirement.

    4. HSHarry Stebbings55:07

       I was just-- Eli Gill just tweeted actually, uh, "Compute is the currency of the future, and that compute will be one of the defining factors that the best talent looks for when deciding which company to join." Do you agree with that, and how do you think about that?

    5. AFAdam Foroughi55:20

       Depends on the space. So large language models, uh, obviously have the ability to scale with more compute and, and therefore it is attractive to researchers to join, um, companies that can invest a lot in compute. But if you look at right now, I mean, we can all say probably Anthropic is doing the best in terms of releasing models and, and product in the large language model space as of this moment. Anthropic probably does not invest the most in compute. Yes. So like if you think about that, how did they actually get really good researchers creating the best product output? Well, they have really good culture, and they have really good people, and they really tuned what they were going after. Recommendation system space does not need as much compute to create the output that's necessary to su-to succeed. So, so it's quite different. You're looking for people that still wanna solve really big problems and are very mathematically inclined. But there's different spaces in modeling and n- there, there's vision models, there's the LLMs, there's recommendation system, there's others. Like, so depending on the product that someone is interested in, they'll go to a different company, and you've got people that like working on recommendation system models, and they're not bound by compute. They're bound by curiosity and application of techniques to create a better output.

15. 56:33 – 59:04

    Stock Buybacks: How to Do Them and When They Go Wrong?

    1. HSHarry Stebbings56:33

       You mentioned the buyback that you did in 2022, I think it was, when the stock was very, very low. We've seen a wave of buybacks, whether it's Wix or ServiceNow, among many others. Salesforce-

    2. AFAdam Foroughi56:43

       Yeah

    3. HSHarry Stebbings56:43

       ...huge. How should we read these buybacks? A sign of internal confidence? And-

    4. AFAdam Foroughi56:48

       So, [chuckles] you know, buybacks are interesting because if you look at history, the, the concept of a buyback doesn't usually pan out.

    5. HSHarry Stebbings56:55

       [laughs]

    6. AFAdam Foroughi56:56

       It's not usually a good financial bet. And-

    7. HSHarry Stebbings56:58

       Like a bridge round

    8. AFAdam Foroughi56:59

       ...it's, it's tough. So here's why it's tough. It's easy when you're inside a company to think you're cheap, but you sort of trade where you deserve to trade, and it's really hard to know when is it cheap enough. The reason why our, our buyback was very, very successful is when we went public during COVID, we didn't build a really big roster of blue-chip investors. So we had a very flimsy cap table. And, and then this led to, to the stock collapsing much more than it should have. When we went public in '21, we had seven hundred million dollars of EBITDA. Twenty-eight billion dollar IPO company goes to forty billion. In '22, we cleared a billion dollars of EBITDA, so we grew forty percent-ish in '22. Yet, like I said, the stock fell ninety-two percent. We, we got to under four times EBITDA. So why did that happen? Well, we went public, and COVID didn't attract blue-chip investors. So our cap table was basically the private market cap table that needed to sell. That's a real big problem. Most companies that are private probably have half their cap table that's sellers. And so when we went and did our buyback, we didn't say, "Hey, we're just gonna go to the market and take float out, like take a share back from every single shareholder." That would be-- imply that even partially part of my shares are getting bought back, right? A-and so what we instead did was go and say, "If you are a seller, please work with us to sell back to the business." And so we went and deployed every dollar that we made and including we raised some debt to deploy even more and took back a lot of the shares on the cap table that were gonna inevitably sell into the public markets over the coming months. By doing that, we were able to get liquidity to company folks, investors and old ex-co-founders and other folks on the cap table that needed liquidity. We were able to get them liq-way, no problem. We're happy to do the trade. And we were able to take out that selling pressure with these folks being... The fact that they were willing to work with us was a gift. They were willing to work with us, so we were able to take out the selling pressure, and then as the business started accelerating, you remove the selling pressure and overhang, then you're set up in a position where you can now go attract the right investors.

16. 59:04 – 1:10:04

    Is the SaaS Model Breaking? What Happens Now?

    1. HSHarry Stebbings59:04

       Give or take, how much money did that buyback make you?

    2. AFAdam Foroughi59:07

       Uh, so probably I'd say like based on where we're trading today, roughly a third of the company's value came from that buyback. So you said a hundred and fifty billion roughly, so let's call it fifty billion around.

    3. HSHarry Stebbings59:19

       Well done.

    4. AFAdam Foroughi59:20

       Yeah, it was a good buyback. [laughs]

    5. HSHarry Stebbings59:21

       [laughs]

    6. AFAdam Foroughi59:22

       Now, now just buying out of the market, just buying your flow back, it's not a good bet usually because it, it's-

    7. HSHarry Stebbings59:28

       I know Wix, it really-- uh, I really like the Wix team. They're great and lovely people. But gosh, you only do a buyback, a big ass buyback and then down like twenty-five percent in a week.

    8. AFAdam Foroughi59:37

       That's the problem is you start doing the buyback and if you're not right, you don't time it well, and we're not-- none of us are day traders when we're running businesses. You can burn the capital that you made really quickly, and then you're in a much worse spot.

    9. HSHarry Stebbings59:49

       You said people trade where they deserve to trade in a lot of cases. Is the SaaSpocalypse fair then?

    10. AFAdam Foroughi59:57

        You know, as an investor, if I was one, when you get into an unpredictable outcome in the future, it's very easy to sell businesses. And, and, uh, the rapid rate of product delivery in the large language model space makes a lot of traditional enterprise SaaS companies hard to bet on years into the future. So what happens? Well, terminal value is dicier, so you value the company less, you get out. Their stock-based comp was high, but it was an acceptable percentage of total value.Stock tanks, stock-based comp becomes too extreme. Now they're in a position where not only are they gonna lose their heads, they're also competitively challenged. So you're in a really bad downward spiral. So i-in a way, I would say not only is it fair because of the risks that exist, I'm not sure it's actually done yet. We're at... I, you know, again, I'm not a, a trader of businesses, but I do think we're gonna go through material changes in the market, especially when it comes to enterprise SaaS over the coming years, and it may not be that these companies that, that we have today as some of the, the SaaS leaders are completely gonna wipe out 'cause I don't think that happens. Companies, once they're embedded with u-utilizing a certain software, usually don't change. But it may be that a lot of the growth opportunities are gone for these businesses, and you strip out growth opportunities in businesses, I mean, the reason we went and, and traded down to under four times EBITDA is because investors did not believe in our future growth prospects. And when you're a public market investor, you only like to bet on companies where you have sound belief that their future is gonna be a lot rosier than the present. It is very hard to believe that right now in traditional enterprise SaaS when these large language model businesses, the models, the frontier models continue to get so much more powerful.

    11. HSHarry Stebbings1:01:38

        What do you-- You mentioned the material changes there. What do you think the most material changes will be in the next few years?

    12. AFAdam Foroughi1:01:43

        I mean, the rate of advancement is astounding over the last few months. You see, like, the amount of products that are rolling out, it's like every day there's something new. So I-I think the, the coolest thing that we're seeing right now is for people who n-know how to utilize it, the ability to just launch an army of agents to do certain tasks, and obviously coding is the, the most obvious utilization today. So i-i-if you see that today and, and believe we're already at a point where the army of agents can continue to start improving the code that's available to them and the products that are available to them in a recursive way, the rate of acceleration of technology in R&D, in our imaginations becoming products is only gonna get faster. Where does that lead us to? I don't know, but I think it's gonna be a much more productive future than the present.

    13. HSHarry Stebbings1:02:27

        Adam, eng-- We mentioned engineering again. Y-you said you don't have, like, a product team, so to speak. How do you think about the org chart today and how that changes over time? D-do we lose product as a function?

    14. AFAdam Foroughi1:02:38

        Yeah, I mean, we chose not to have it because we wanted to have exceptional engineers that understood the product. The belief was if our engineering team is writing the product that delivers revenue, our sales team and all other teams are effectively cheerleading for the engineering team, making sure they have what they need, and then eventually going out and selling their product, but we can only sell it, the product if it's good enough to be sold. The engineers, if exceptional, better be good enough at understanding the product that they need to build to go build it. And so-

    15. HSHarry Stebbings1:03:07

        Yeah

    16. AFAdam Foroughi1:03:07

        ... I do think the role of product should end up looking a lot like it does at our company over time, is that either your product people become engineers or your engineers become product people, but you don't need both. And so what usually happens, whoever becomes AI native and knows how to utilize these tools will become those powerful 10X, 100X output folks who know how to use the tools to create that kind of output. I do think for some time still, though, you're gonna need an engineer doing the work and still making sure that the code is up to security standards, the code's not slop, the code is good enough to contribute to, um, your main code base. So, like, there, there's a lot that still comes from having a traditional engineering background that's valuable in today's world.

    17. HSHarry Stebbings1:03:48

        Every day it feels like we have another major security breach. We've seen Lovable in the last 24 hours. We saw Vercel in the 24 hours before that. Uh, it goes on and on and on in the last month. To what extent are you nervous that models like Mythos will unravel vulnerabilities that were previously unseen and went unseen, and we have security be the biggest problem?

    18. AFAdam Foroughi1:04:12

        Well, look, obviously there's a risk there. Now, you could say is Anthropic slowing down the rollout 'cause they don't have the computer? Is Anthropic slowing down the rollout, um, 'cause they're really concerned about the risk? It's probably somewhere in between. There, there's obviously a risk, though. These models, one of the things they're built for is audit code and expose any vulnerabilities or bugs and solve them. And so you would hope that we will be a lot more buttoned up on security in the future than we are today. But because of how quickly these models are just getting exceptionally good, it's almost certain companies are gonna be releasing code faster. When you release products faster, you ship fast, you break things, and because of that, you're gonna have more security breaches most likely. But once you get past that point, you're probably gonna be in a point where the technology is a lot more buttoned up than it was before.

    19. HSHarry Stebbings1:04:59

        What is no one talking about that you think everyone should be talking about?

    20. AFAdam Foroughi1:05:03

        I do think there needs to be a lot of honesty around what is the world gonna look like as these AI technologies continue to get more powerful. If every technology company could stand to lose 75, 80% of their talent and get more efficient, what does that actually mean? Well, does it mean that there's gonna be 10 times more startups, so the startup funds are gonna be crushing it and, like, people are gonna be way more productive and we're gonna get way more product in the world? Plausible. Um, I'm a believer that the technology unlocks a lot more output and our ability to imagine things, create, and then go and create becomes not only cheaper, much more believable, but it requires people to really level up. And I think we need to be honest about what the path is gonna look like because my guess is you're gonna see a lot more tech layoffs over the next couple of years as companies really start understanding that not laying people off creates a, a blockade to actually getting to this AI native state.

    21. HSHarry Stebbings1:06:01

        Did you find it hard that in a year where you have triple digit growth, stellar year, you're laying off such a large portion? Because I, I really like and respect you, but at that point, that's a choice that you don't need to make.

    22. AFAdam Foroughi1:06:13

        Yeah, I mean, look, like, a-again, are you playing to win or are you playing not to lose? And so I, I feel like we're very, very transparent with our employees. Today, anyone asks me, I'll say, "You're here because you're an exceptional talent, and what does that mean going forward? You use these technologies to create more output. You become AI native, you're gonna have a role here."If you avoid utilizing these technologies, you're not, and you're gonna get fired, and that's life. And so we demand that the people who are at the company are adopting these technologies rapidly to create more output. But we don't shy away from diff- difficult discussion, because if they're not able to do that, there's a role somewhere for them, but it wouldn't be at our company.

    23. HSHarry Stebbings1:06:55

        Totally get that. F- final one before we move to a quick fire is just on budgeting. Token budgeting is one of the biggest [chuckles] questions for leaders today. How should I think about it? How should I think about planning it, forecasting it?

    24. AFAdam Foroughi1:07:06

        Yeah.

    25. HSHarry Stebbings1:07:07

        What, what's your advice?

    26. AFAdam Foroughi1:07:07

        It's to my point, I think it's flawed logic. 'Cause if you just throw a budget at people and you create a leaderboard of token usage, what are people gonna do? Create a bunch of crap that has no value. And all of a sudden you burn your budget, you're paying really big checks, and you don't have revenue on the other side of it. Companies need to get to the point of understanding what are they actually optimizing to, and who's utilizing the technologies and creating token consumption that actually aligns with those KPIs. When that happens, you won't be in the mindset of token budgeting. You will want to invest in tokens because there's revenue on the other side of it. But I think today people are just blindly going at, spend a bunch of money, get on the leaderboard, use the tools, something good's gonna happen. You better be able to measure that, otherwise you're gonna get a lot of bad behavior. It's, it's no different than companies that staffed up to very, very large team sizes and bloated teams over the last decade, fifteen years in the Valley, because they had the means to, and it was, "Let's just get on a hiring quota." Token quotas and token budgets are no different than hiring quotas. Until they get efficient, they'll be inefficient, and I think a lot of companies will just burn money.

    27. HSHarry Stebbings1:08:12

        I care desperately, before we do a quick fire, about being the best that I can be and being number one in my business. I also want to be a, a parent. Um, what is the uncomfortable truth that I should hear about being a parent and trying to be the best?

    28. AFAdam Foroughi1:08:26

        I think it's really hard. I mean, like, look, as human beings, we end up-- To become really good at something, you have to focus on it, and you have to put out a lot of effort. And, uh, at least me, I'm not, like, all that great at multitasking. Being a parent is a really difficult thing. So if you are a founder running something and you wanna become the best, you wanna be the best podcaster, I wanna become the best in advertising wi- with my team leading us the way there. To do that, you need to prioritize that task, and the second you do that, in essence, you're deprioritizing the task of being a parent, being a husband, being a, a good, good, uh, person in the personal life. It requires having a family that understands the, the commitment you have to the day job, and it requires a balance that is really hard to attain.

    29. HSHarry Stebbings1:09:13

        What have you missed that you regretted?

    30. AFAdam Foroughi1:09:16

        I mean, as you do what you do, like I said, a lot of times you're not really connected to reality, to what's happening around you because your mind is wandering. I mean, my mind is always on business. Even when I dream and I wake up, it's like something about business. And so I think back at, like, moments where the kids were growing up and sort of a blur, and I go, "You know, was I just not there?" And I was there, but I wasn't there mentally. And it, it is not a great thought when you have that. And on the other side, like, I, I do because this business that became much bigger than I thought was possible means a lot to me, and figuring out that balance is really hard as human beings. I think it, it is a challenge. It's one that I'm still working on. I think it's very, very hard to accomplish being really good at all facets

17. 1:10:04 – 1:20:18

    Quick-Fire Round

    1. AFAdam Foroughi1:10:04

       of life.

    2. HSHarry Stebbings1:10:05

       The ultimate challenge. Do you mind if we do a quick fire round?

    3. AFAdam Foroughi1:10:07

       Yeah, go for it.

    4. HSHarry Stebbings1:10:08

       What have you changed your mind on most in the last twelve months?

    5. AFAdam Foroughi1:10:12

       [chuckles] I don't know if I've changed my mind much in the last twelve months. I mean, like when I hit that low point in twenty-two, I sort of got to a place where I said, "I'm gonna think forward about what I do professionally, and then maybe this, this translates to my personal life too. And I'm gonna plan out three to five years and work back from it." And so when you, you think about the current year, twelve months, I feel like whatever is happening now is defined by the decisions we made in the past. And, and therefore, like, nothing that I do today is gonna change an outcome in that twelve months. What I'm thinking today or trying to execute on today or, or starting to, like, research today can change an outcome one, two, three, four, five years down the road. But because it's undefined still and you're in that moment of, "Huh, I think this is something interesting," it's very hard to challenge that thought. Y- if you believe in it and you've got conviction in it, you sort of just run with it. So I don't know that I would change anything that, that, uh, I've thought about in the last twelve months because I yet-- don't yet know what's gonna happen from it.

    6. HSHarry Stebbings1:11:18

       Who do you not have on your board who you would most like to have on your board?

    7. AFAdam Foroughi1:11:23

       So that is a tough question for me too, because I think we have a pretty well-constructed board, but I don't have a lot of experience with boards. Um, when we were private from two thousand eleven when we started the business to two thousand eighteen when, when KKR invested and we got our first three-person board, I didn't have a board. I just ran on my own. And we ended up, like, just deciding and making choice as I sort of saw fit. Obviously, I would consult my co-founders or other people on the team, but there, there was no board because we were a bootstrap business with just a convertible note round. Then we had a three-person board. Now we've got quite a bit bigger than that, but not that much bigger than that. I think it's, it's, uh, eight or nine people, if I recall. Um, and we have a really good composition of people now. The, the people around the table are a mixture of people who have worked at the company, know me intimately well and are supportive, or have really good business instincts outside of us who bring great things to it. And I actually recently stepped aside as the chairman of the board to hand it over to, to this gentleman, Craig Billings. He's CEO of Wynn, one of the smartest people I've ever met. Very, very competent at building businesses and understanding corporate governance, and I felt like my job is to run the business, and I don't want to be consuming my own time on anything other than day-to-day operations. And board is something that I've got to really work with, and, uh,Allow to be pulled into the business and contribute back to the business and work with me on the business. But it's not something that I'm gonna be good enough to be the chairman on versus someone like Craig, who is exceptionally talented at, at all aspects of building a big business. And so I felt like that trade was a good trade. And, and, uh, it's not common that you'll see CEOs step aside as chairman, but I've always believed that in every role that we all do, whether it's me or someone else on the team, if there's someone better to do it, step aside and let them take over. And that's something that allows you to always be leveling up.

    8. HSHarry Stebbings1:13:20

       How do you feel about, uh, founders investing?

    9. AFAdam Foroughi1:13:24

       Uh, so I don't invest anymore, um, for a couple reasons. One is in order to invest, you've got to sell shares in your own business to have liquidity to go invest. And I don't know, a- again, if, if I didn't start this business for money, I, I don't know what I need to invest to create more return on. And if you're, you're an investor, you hopefully you really wanna create return or impact or something that is a KPI that you care about. But the second you ca- care about that KPI and you chase it, you're selling from your own core business to go diversify. You're not focused on your day job. And for me, my goal in life is to make my company as, as good as it can possibly be three years from now, five years from now, 10 years from now, 20 years from now. If, if I plot into the future, every second of my available time should be committed to it. Otherwise, there's some loss. I don't know what that loss is, but if I get distracted on other things, there's some loss that I can't measure. And as those losses start adding up, they can compound, and it can make it less likely that you can succeed.

    10. HSHarry Stebbings1:14:23

        What decision with AppLovin would you do differently knowing what you know now? You mentioned the weakness of your cap table there. That struck me and I was like, do you wish you'd delayed it then?

    11. AFAdam Foroughi1:14:32

        You know-

    12. HSHarry Stebbings1:14:32

        There's never a good time to go public

    13. AFAdam Foroughi1:14:33

        ... So, so I don't, I don't question the past because the past makes up where you are in the present. I've made a lot of decisions. A lot of them end up wrong, but we pivot and we learn from them. We went public in a very difficult time, towards the late of the growth stock run up during COVID, and the second COVID ended and, and usage patterns returned to what they were pre-COVID, everyone collapsed in growth stocks, in particular those late to market IPOs. So you could say like, okay, we didn't time the market right. As you just said, there's no right time to go public. I also think the learning for, for us and, and anyone going public is it's a moment in time. It's like a series A, series B, series C. It's a, it's a fundraising round. If you have a business that has long-term growth opportunities that you have high conviction in and can be big enough to be owned by anyone in the world and interesting enough to be owned by anyone in the world, the-- in a world where there's no right time to go public, you can't time the market, just go public. You take the, the capital you raise, and you build forward. And really what's important for me running the business is I really am not focused on where the stock's gonna be next quarter. Three to five years from now, we better be higher than where we are by enough so that I feel like people made a good return on investment owning our shares today. They better make more on us than they can make by owning the basket of the S&P just putting their money in debt. And if they make a good enough return on us over the next three to five years, I feel like I did my job right as CEO, and then they need the next three to five years and the next three to five years after that. But we owe it to investors to make them a return greater than what else they can put their money in.

    14. HSHarry Stebbings1:16:07

        Finish this sentence. The advertising business that is most at risk from AppLovin in the next three years is...

    15. AFAdam Foroughi1:16:15

        [laughs] It's a tough, tough question to finish the sentence on 'cause I don't think it's any. We, we, we build a business trying to better to help an advertiser reach a consumer, drive a transaction inside this gaming audience, billion-plus daily active users. We're trying to create incremental transactions. So when you do a performance marketing platform, we're not trying to take from others. We're trying to give an advertiser the chance to go, "You spend $100,000 a day growing your business today. Spend an extra $20,000 a day with us and create more transactional volume. Don't take from anyone else. Take your $100,000-a-day investment business that might have $300,000 a day of revenue with it and add another $20,000 of media spend, get to 120K and get to 360K of revenue." Your business grows 20% by investing an extra 20% in our technology, our platform, our audience that you otherwise weren't accessing in that moment.

    16. HSHarry Stebbings1:17:08

        I'm gonna steal from another podcaster who's actually a friend of mine, but, um, great-- what is it? Great artists steal. Isn't that the kind of quote? Um, so it's a really nice question, and it's the final one. What's the kindest thing that anyone's ever done for you?

    17. AFAdam Foroughi1:17:23

        [laughs] It's a weird one. Look, maybe kindness is like in, in those dark moments, whether it's my wife, close friend, people checking in on me. But the reason I say it's a weird one is, like, we don't tend to push the word kindness around, um, very often at, at the company. Like, we believe you're pushing forward in an aggressive fashion, um, almost cutthroat. And-

    18. HSHarry Stebbings1:17:48

        Do you worry that you're too aggressive? I think, or candidly, I think some people will listen to this, and I get in trouble for this. They would say that it's exclusionary because it's too aggressive.

    19. AFAdam Foroughi1:17:59

        Yeah. I, I love being aggressive. I mean, look, if you do checks on me and people who've come across me, y- you'll get half the people that say I'm, I'm very aggressive, and they sort of like it. Half the people will say I'm an asshole.

    20. HSHarry Stebbings1:18:11

        [laughs]

    21. AFAdam Foroughi1:18:11

        They'll all say I'm competent. So, like, on the one hand, like, it sort of checks the boxes I care about. I mean, I'm... Like, people think I'm competent, great. But the reality is aggressive can rub people the wrong way. But I've found, and the reason I just reacted a little awkwardly to the kindness point, if you're too kind and not as direct, not as aggressive, you're wasting time. And in a world where time is limited and you can't quantify the loss from sugarcoating things, I'd much rather be aggressive and rub some people the wrong way and surround myself with people that wanna push hard than really be surrounded by people who care so much about kindness that they're willing to slow down.

    22. HSHarry Stebbings1:18:46

        Have you ever rubbed people up the wrong way and you regretted it?

    23. AFAdam Foroughi1:18:50

        Not really. Um, I mean, I guess I just don't think about it much. I don't live in much of a world of regrets 'cause I live in a world of almost short-term memory. I make a lot of decisions. A lot of them end up wrong. I optimize, I go forward. Same thing with, with interpersonal relationships. And I really do wanna be surrounded by people who are great, who I can work with for a long time, who I can become friends with, and I, I, I would love to ha- be surrounded by a core group of family and friends for a very, very long time, as long as I'm here. Around all of that, when you're moving fast, you're certainly gonna rub people the wrong way at times, and you're gonna miscommunicate, you're gonna do something wrong. But if you live in fear of that and you allow that to impact your pace, you'll slow down. And I'd rather just go fast and, and, uh, know that that's a risk and it is what it is.

    24. HSHarry Stebbings1:19:46

        It's so funny. I, I do, I do so many shows. I've done so many shows. I've done this 11 years. But you feel really good shows when you're doing them, and it's funny. For the first five minutes of this, I was like, "Oh, this is gonna be good." And what's really hard actually is to keep really good, and people don't think about this. It's very hard to keep quality with length of conversation. You were exceptional. Like, thank you so much for doing this with me. Thank you for doing it in person. I've loved this.

    25. AFAdam Foroughi1:20:15

        Awesome. Thanks for having me back. It's cool doing it four years after we first met.

Episode duration: 1:20:28