Robert Pape: Why bombing Iran can't end the nuclear problem

How airpower destroys sites but can't reach dispersed enriched uranium. Why decapitation and threats can harden Iran's deterrent and force a ground-war choice.

Robert PapeguestSteven Bartletthost

Apr 13, 20261h 36mWatch on YouTube ↗

EVERY SPOKEN WORD

85 min read · 16,806 words

0:00 – 4:38
Intro
1. RPRobert Pape
  Iran has figured out that we can't beat them. We're not weakening Iran, we have strengthened Iran, and we can't stop their drone attacks. And what you're seeing is far more chaotic decision-making is happening in the White House than is happening in the government of Iran. And it's evidence Trump is losing power.
2. SBSteven Bartlett
  So when I look through the response to the last conversation, the audience had lots of different types of questions. Like, there's 90-odd million people stuck right in the heart of this that often don't really have a voice. What do you think happens next for them? And what is Israel's role in this?
3. RPRobert Pape
  Well, Israel's playing two roles here that have not helped us correctly assess the situation, and we'll talk about that.
4. SBSteven Bartlett
  And then what do you think happens with Europe?
5. RPRobert Pape
  NATO is, for all practical purposes, dead.
6. SBSteven Bartlett
  What happens next?
7. RPRobert Pape
  So for twenty-one years, I laid out what a hypothetical bombing campaign of Iran would look like. And when I was here last time, every single thing we talked about unfolded in the first several weeks of the war.
8. SBSteven Bartlett
  So when you did this twenty-one years of modeling these attacks, how did America come out of this situation?
9. RPRobert Pape
  So there was a consistent set of findings, and America can bomb them, attack them. We could even threaten to murder all ninety-two million of them. But the bottom line is, that is the real danger for us.
10. SBSteven Bartlett
  This is super interesting to me. My team give me this report to show me how many of you that watch this show subscribe, and some of you have told us, according to this, that you are unsubscribed from the channel randomly. So favor to ask all of you, please could you check right now if you've hit the subscribe button if you are a regular viewer of this show and you like what we do here. We're approaching quite a significant landmark on this show in terms of a subscriber number. So if there was one simple free thing that you could do to help us, my team, everyone here, to keep this show free, to keep it improving year over year and week over week, it is just to hit that subscribe button and to double-check if you've hit it. Only thing I'll ever ask of you. Do we have a deal? If you do it, I'll tell you what I'll do. I'll make sure every single week, every single month, we fight harder and harder and harder and harder to bring you the guests and conversations that you wanna hear. I've stayed true to that promise since the very beginning of The Diary of a CEO, and I will not let you down. Please help us. Really appreciate it. Let's get on with the show. [upbeat music] Professor Robert Pape. Good to see you again.
11. RPRobert Pape
  Great to see you again, Steven.
12. SBSteven Bartlett
  It's been four weeks since we sat down and talked about everything that was happening in the war, and it's all moved at light speed. You made some predictions then. S- many of them have come true already, and many of them are still unfolding. But I wanted to get you back to talk about what the hell is going on. And I think that's k- kind of how I started last conversation, but there's so much that's being said, and I get the sense that there's a truth that sits underneath there somewhere. Because when you look at what the Iranians are saying, when you look at what the Israelis are saying, when you look at what Trump and America are saying, and then you look at reality, at some level, I feel like we're not being told the truth. My first question to you, Professor, is who are you and who are you to speak on this subject matter?
13. RPRobert Pape
  I am a professor at the University of Chicago. I have been there for twenty-six years, almost twenty-seven years. And before that, I was a professor who taught, uh, for the US Air Force. I taught conventional targeting, and I thought I was gonna go into the foreign service. I wanted to understand how we lost the Vietnam War, and this became the origins of Bombing to Win.
14. SBSteven Bartlett
  Which is your book I have here in front of me.
15. RPRobert Pape
  That's Bombing to Win. In 1985, I've just finished all my classes and I have to pick a topic for my PhD. I wanted to find the book that laid out all the air campaigns and that explained why Vietnam was a loser. Where did that L come from?
16. SBSteven Bartlett
  When you say air campaigns, for someone that knows nothing about military conflict, what do you mean by air campaigns?
17. RPRobert Pape
  What I mean with an air campaign is when you have military aircraft who are not just doing a single raid, bombing one target one day, but doing a campaign over days, weeks, months, in the case of Vietnam, over years.
18. SBSteven Bartlett
  And you wanted to figure out why countries that do these military campaigns, which is pretty much w- what's going on now in the Middle East-
19. RPRobert Pape
  Yeah
20. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... why they don't tend to win.
21. RPRobert Pape
  Why they don't win when they're so strong. Why is it that when a strong power really gets its act together, it's not careless, it's really thinking hard, it then applies this c- force, a campaign over time, and comes out a loser.
4:38 – 6:24
20 Years Of War Games Predicted This Conflict
1. SBSteven Bartlett
  And you modeled for twenty years a war with Iran versus the United States.
2. RPRobert Pape
  That's exactly right. I imagined, uh, in class for ninety minutes, I laid out what a hypothetical bombing campaign of Iran would look like, starting with the bombing of its nuclear enrichment sites. There's multiple sites. There's, uh, Fordow, which is an industrial enrichment where there are centrifuges. There's Natanz, also centrifuges. There's Esfahan, where you have gasification of the ore so you can make the centrifuges more efficient. So it's not just one target, there's a whole target set, a complex of targets. And so what I would do is I would lay out, "Here are the aircraft that could be used. Uh, here are the likely results at a tactical level." Ah, yes, just for context, so we're looking at a map of Iran and we're looking at the Persian Gulf. And, um, Iran, of course, is to the east of the, of the Persian Gulf. And Tehran is up to the north middle. Right in the middle are a whole series of these nuclear sites. You have Saghand, which is where the uranium ore actually comes from. They don't have to bring in ore. They have plenty of ore. But the ore has to be distilled so that you can get the tiny bits of uranium-235 you need for, uh, enriching the uranium for either nuclear reactors or bomb-grade uranium. That's first done at Esfahan to gasify the ore so that when it spins in the centrifuge, uh, facilities at Natanz and Fordow, you can get the purity of the uranium-235. That's what we're talking about here when we say it's enriched.
6:24 – 8:02
Bombing Iran’s Nuclear Sites Might Backfire
1. SBSteven Bartlett
  So when you did this twenty-one years of modeling these attacks-
2. RPRobert Pape
  Mm-hmm
3. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... how did the... model show America came out of this situation
4. RPRobert Pape
  There was a consistent set of findings you just couldn't ignore, Steven, which is our bombers would always be able to destroy the target, the industrial facility that was enriching the uranium. The problem always was, no matter, uh, which year we did this, you wouldn't be able to destroy the enriched material, the actual gold. So if you're panning for gold, you see what I mean, and you've got the gold, uh, you can destroy the pan, [laughs] you can even destroy the river, you can't get the gold.
5. SBSteven Bartlett
  So let me repeat that back to you in layman's terms and you-
6. RPRobert Pape
  Yeah
7. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... tell me if I'm correct. So they, they could bomb these sites where they're making the enriched uranium, but it wouldn't destroy the enriched uranium, it would just put it underneath a bunch of rubble.
8. RPRobert Pape
  That's right.
9. SBSteven Bartlett
  So you can bomb it, but you're basically just kicking the can down the road-
10. RPRobert Pape
  That's right
11. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... because at some point they can go back and get it, it's undamaged, and then they can carry on their process.
12. RPRobert Pape
  That's right. And, and Steven, they might even anticipate the bombs coming because they might get some indications, you know, we're building up, and then disperse in advance.
13. SBSteven Bartlett
  And the, at the end of last year, they did Operation Midnight Hammer, where they bombed the sites with these incredible-
14. RPRobert Pape
  Exactly as we did in class. Literally, I had just modeled it for the students three weeks before, and almost exactly the platforms. I mean, on, you know, the B-2s, the MOAB, I mean, every single thing we talked about if- unfolded just as we had modeled
8:02 – 12:19
How US Pressure Strengthened Iran
1. RPRobert Pape
  in class.
2. SBSteven Bartlett
  So what is going on now? I want you to help me cut through all of this noise and all of this propaganda.
3. RPRobert Pape
  What's going on now is, uh, we're not weakening Iran in a sense where Iran will be weaker a year from now, two years from now. We have strengthened Iran, and we're strengthening Iran in multiple ways. So far we've just been talking about bombs on target. My real specialty, Steven, is the interaction of military action and politics. You're not just hitting an industrial target. People in the country, the population, the regime, they're reacting to that politically, and that reaction is tremendously important, and that's what I discovered in my work studying Vietnam in the 1980s, the, why the bombing campaign was failing. The political reactions by the population often are overwhelming the tactical military effects. So you can hit the target, you can destroy the industrial facilities, um, and in fact, you can energize the population to work even harder to overcome all that damage. And sometimes they have tremendous geographic advantages. In Vietnam, there was a area called the Ho Chi Minh Trail, which was a, where the logistics, where the ammo for the, um, Viet Cong guerrilla fighters in the South were getting their ammo. And in the 1960s, we knocked out 80-plus percent of the throughput of that pipeline, of that trail. You know what? It wasn't enough, and we ended up not being able to stop that little, itty bitty bit of throughput that ca- still could get through and incentivize even more to get it through because they knew we couldn't stop it. And that is what fueled the VC and ultimately-
4. SBSteven Bartlett
  VC?
5. RPRobert Pape
  Uh, the Viet Cong, the guerrillas that we're, uh, we were really up against in Vietnam. That is what ultimately bolstered their morale. They knew we couldn't beat them. Even though we whittled them down by 80%, we couldn't get that last 15 or 20%. And that was what was energizing their morale.
6. SBSteven Bartlett
  So how does that apply t- to what's going on now? In simple terms, what's going on in-
7. RPRobert Pape
  Iran has figured out that, uh, we can't beat them. That's what's going on, Steven. They are figuring out that we can't beat them. We can bomb them, we can, um, attack them, we could even threaten to murder all 92 million of them, which is the civilization threat by, uh, by President Trump. And the bottom line is that we can't get to that final 10, 20% of, um, drones and missiles-
8. SBSteven Bartlett
  Okay
9. RPRobert Pape
  ... okay, that Iran has, and it's probably bigger than that, that we can't knock out. See, we're able to knock out anything that's above ground. If there's a launcher and it's above ground, we can see it, we can see it with satellites, we can see it with other sensors as well. That thing is gonna be gone in a few days, and that's what the air campaign that you've watched for 40 days is doing. When Secretary Hegseth or General Caine talk about h- hi- hitting 11,000, 12,000 targets, these are targets, most of, almost all of them, that are very clearly visible and above ground. This is true of the Navy ships as well. Well, guess what? The Iranians knew that was always gonna be vulnerable, so what they've been doing is they have been not just deeply, uh, burying their industrial enrichment facilities, they've been deeply burying their arsenals of drones, deeply burying their arsenals of missiles. And so they are in a position where even though we are unleashing enormous amounts of air power against them and we are technically superior, we can't stop their drone attacks against the ships in the Strait of Hormuz. They know it. They can use that to their advantage, and boy, are they using it to their advantage enormously.
12:19 – 14:58
Iran’s Hidden Power Structure Revealed
1. SBSteven Bartlett
  Yesterday, the Secretary of War, Pete Hegseth, did a press conference, and one of the reporters said to him, "There's been a ceasefire announced, but it appears that Iran is still attacking neighboring countries." Hegseth's response to the reporter was-
2. RPRobert Pape
  Mm-hmm
3. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... "Iran would be wise to find a way to get their-carrier pigeon to the troops out in remote locations to let them know not to shoot any longer. It can sometimes take time for ceasefires to take hold, which was really alarming to me because it suggests that there is actually not a centralized leadership structure in Iran. And actually, if there's not a centralized leadership structure, how does one negotiate a ceasefire if there's lots of different factions doing lots of different things now? Is that true?
4. RPRobert Pape
  I would say it's probably decentralized. I think you're probably right about that.
5. SBSteven Bartlett
  I'm trying to figure out who in Iran is negotiating with America and why it doesn't seem to be the case that whoever's negotiating control the fact that people are still firing drones.
6. RPRobert Pape
  Oh, I see. I see. Yeah, decentralization means chaotic, and they can't actually make decisions. That's just not the case. The more you move up the chain of command, the more the leader can give pre-delegated orders. If X happens, do, do, do Y. Those can hold for hours and days. Uh, and that's true in every organization. That's why leaders can go on vacation, uh, for a week and come back, and they're worried, of course, when they come back. But the bottom line is that the leaders are setting the strategic direction.
7. SBSteven Bartlett
  Who is the leader?
8. RPRobert Pape
  Oh, it's definitely the supreme leader, the son of the one we just killed. Oh, without a doubt. I think this idea that, that he's not there, there's absolutely no evidence of that. Yes, it's decentralized in the sense it's hard to find them to target them. But by the way, Steven, I think the reason that we're trying to talk smack about the supreme leader, is he, is he alive? Is he dead? Is we're trying to goad him into revealing his location so we can kill him. But that's not working. [laughs] So-- and it's also not stopping Iran from putting out 10 points to Pakistan, uh, in the negotiations. It's not stopping Iran from having, uh, messages that go through Pakistan to, um, the White House. President Trump is then agreeing to the 10 points that are coming from Iran, you see. And then, um, later on, of course, President Trump is taking it back. But the bottom line is, um, what you're seeing in terms of chaotic decision-making, far more chaotic decision-making is happening in the White House in the United States than is happening in the government of Iran. Their rising power in the region as our power is, is declining precipitously.
14:58 – 17:31
The Final Stage Of The Escalation Trap
1. SBSteven Bartlett
  What do you think happens next?
2. RPRobert Pape
  We are at a fork in the road. When I was here last time, uh, I was walking you through the three stages of the escalation trap, and you kept pushing me, "Tell me more. Tell me more." This-- I, I was a little bit reluctant to do that. Well, there is a stage four.
3. SBSteven Bartlett
  For anyone that didn't hear that episode, could you give us, uh, one sentence on stage one in one sentence?
4. RPRobert Pape
  Yeah. Stage one is America bombs, does leadership change bombing. We hit targets, kill leaders, but the regime actually evolves and is stronger than before. Uh, stage two is that then stronger regime lashes back with horizontal escalation and takes the Strait of Hormuz, at least initially takes the Strait of Hormuz. And then stage three is that's the ground option to start to take the Strait of Hormuz back. And that's exactly what you saw play out in the first several weeks of the war. Stage three was about the Marines. The Marines hadn't even moved yet, and I'm telling you, the Marines are likely going to move. There's going to be movement to ground options in stage three, uh, here very rapidly in this war. At that point in time when we had our first discussion, you wanted to push for the future, and I said, "No, we, we need to wait." And the reason, Steven, is because what you're not seeing with me is throwing random darts at the future. I'm doing risk assessment out about as far as you, uh, you can have stable predictions. And in war, that usually means two, three, four weeks. It doesn't mean we can say where we'll be a year from now. Here, though, now that we're in 40 days, we're at a different point. We've clearly passed stage one. We're past stage two, where they, uh, control the Strait of Hormuz. We've bellied up to stage three, the ground operations. Now we're at a branch, a fork in the road. There's no way to go back to February 27, which is the pre-war period that many people would love to go back to. I, too, would like to go back to February 27. That's not the future. What happens at this point on in the modeling and the-- is a branch. Either we go through with the ground war or Iran becomes an emerging, not right away, fourth center of world power. That is the branch that we face now. This branch is becoming more evident hour by hour.
17:31 – 24:14
Iran As The Fourth Global Power Center
1. SBSteven Bartlett
  Explain that to me.
2. RPRobert Pape
  So everybody now knows that Iran is, uh, controlling the Strait of Hormuz and controlling shipping. That's selective blockade. I'm taking it a step further. That's not just about insurance rates of shipping. That's generating political power for Iran to get other states to kowtow to it, to accept its objectives. What are those objectives? So let's talk about how this affects, say, Asia. So I'm gonna get into global, and then we'll come back to the Gulf itself. So the shipping that goes through the Strait of Hormuz, 80 to 90% of it is going right to Asia. The power that comes with that is with, say, India. India is not siding with the United States.India is at best neutral and maybe even a little bit more, uh, uh, edging toward Iran. Well, before this, you could imagine that the United States and India would be much more cooperative here. That's not what's occurring, and why is that? It's because that oil that's going into Asia, for India, this isn't just about the price of oil. This is about the supply of oil. When you lose literally all the supply, that is a greater cost than simply having to pay more for it. So India is in a much more difficult situation than Europe and the United States right now. Now look at Japan. Notice in the Oval Office, President Trump brought in, uh, the leader of the head of state of Japan and basically browbeat her, and she still wouldn't budge. She still would not kowtow to Trump here, uh, and actually provide military support. What did she do? She's distancing herself from the United States. That's exactly what Iran wants out of America's Asian allies. This is geopolitical power, and it's rooted in the control of Hormuz. It's rooted in the selective military blockade. That selective military blockade produces vulnerability to India, vulnerability to Japan, and that is what the-- we call it the leverage, but the leverage is, is not enough of a, I think, a full description. This is reorienting America's allies in Asia. Now, let's talk about what's happening in the Persian Gulf itself. Before the war, February twenty-seventh, there was essentially a balance in the Persian Gulf, where you had Iran on one side, and you had this growing collection of Gulf states that were part of an emerging web. They're cooperating, uh, with Israel more and more on different, um, on different issues. President Trump is bringing in his AI billionaires to sort of, uh, grease this, uh, cooperation so that there's some material benefits. Well, that was effectively a counterbalancing coalition to Iran. Now, what's happened after forty days is this is breaking down fast. America has military bases in Qatar, has military bases in, uh, Bahrain, has military bases in Kuwait. I'm just picking a few, and military base, of course, in, in Saudi Arabia. These military bases, they are producing little leverage here against Iran. In fact, our aircraft carriers are not anywhere near the Persian Gulf. They're a thousand miles away. These bases are big, fat targets. They are above ground. Iran's precision drones can hit things above ground, and they're doing it on those bases. That was their immediate retaliation. What is-- what's happening, number one, is the anchor, the military anchor of this coalition started to disappear within hours of the bombing on February twenty-eighth.
3. SBSteven Bartlett
  What do you mean by the military anchor?
4. RPRobert Pape
  In order to have this coalition work-
5. SBSteven Bartlett
  Which is like Saudi Arabia, Qatar-
6. RPRobert Pape
  Saudi Arabia-
7. SBSteven Bartlett
  Right
8. RPRobert Pape
  ... Qatar, the UAE, Kuwait, somebody has to be the la-- the, the guarantor of protection. It's like the mob boss who protects everybody else. That is the United States, and that is what our military bases were supposed to do. They become the military anchor that allows then for there to become political counterbalancing against Iran. That was the Kushner idea in the first Trump administration, and it seemed to work, and it seemed to, uh, bring some of these states together who wouldn't necessarily think you would cooperate with, with Israel. Well, this is now-- this war has torpedoed away this whole idea. President Trump is not even willing, uh, to do much to actually defend our own bases, much less Saudi Arabia, much less UAE. What he's telling them is, "You go out there and start defending yourself." Well, that's not a guarantor of security. The next thing that's happening is the three-- these states which were operating more in concert are starting to break down and operate in three pools. You have Iraq, which is now complaining more and more about milit- US military presence there. They're distancing themselves from American military presence. And remember, we installed that government in two thousand and three, so they're not siding with us [laughs] . They're distancing themselves, uh, from us. Then you have Qatar and you have, uh, Oman. Uh, what Iran's doing is saying, "You know, we should share some of these, uh, te- these tolls with Oman." They're moving Oman into their camp. So you have Iraq moving closer to Iran, Oman moving closer. Qatar is trying to keep its head down as much as possible. They're not, they're, they're not trying to get their, uh, nose in this anymore. And who is-- what's the third pool? The third pool is Saudi Arabia, uh, the UAE. These are the states that are most under threat. And what has Saudi Arabia done just in the last week? They've gone to cooperate more with Pakistan. They have a security deal with Pakistan. What does that mean? They're looking to Pakistan as much or maybe even more than the United States as their guarantor of security. So all of this coalition, it's not all siding with Iran right now. It's fragmenting, and that's weakening America.
24:14 – 26:24
What Happens Next If No One Backs Down
1. SBSteven Bartlett
  So what happens next?
2. RPRobert Pape
  You know, as President Trump wants to do, call the war off, that's not gonna put us back to February 27. Iran has 20% of the world's oil. It's going to be able to have, uh, $75 billion, $100 billion of, of revenues here over the next year, and also those deeply buried caves and tunnels where they have their drones, uh, that can be used to fashion nuclear weapons. Within a year, Iran could have nuclear weapons, and we can't stop it. So if we pull back, you can start to see that Iran's power is going to grow internally. Uh, but then even more than that, its relationships with Russia, its relationships with China will start to p- move closer together against America. And you see this happening from the moment, almost the first several days of the war. Russia almost immediately offered Iran military targeting information to target US ships. That's why our, our carriers are so far away. [laughs] It's because Russia has the ability to see those carriers, tell Iran where they are, and if those carriers get too close, man, they're gonna be smashed. But it can get worse than that, Steven, because as this power grows over time, as these incentives for, uh, China, Russia, and Iran to cooperate against America grow over time, Iran has control now of 20% of the world's oil. Russia has 11% of the world's oil. That means there can be either formal or tacit cooperation to take 30% of the world's oil off the global market, let China soak up a whole lot of that, and that can truly produce mega economic consequences for America, for Europe. And why are they not gonna do that? Because they're nice guys? Is that really what we're counting on now? Russia, Putin is not gonna wanna wreck America's economy because he has a, a, a, a bond with
26:24 – 27:42
Iran Has Been Seriously Underestimated
1. RPRobert Pape
  Donald Trump?
2. SBSteven Bartlett
  What do you think the fundamental flawed assumption was at the start of all of this from the United States?
3. RPRobert Pape
  That Iran was, uh, was, was weak on its last legs, and all we had to do was, uh, push it over the edge of a cliff, and it was just a matter of just one more push.
4. SBSteven Bartlett
  And then the people would rise up and-
5. RPRobert Pape
  Yeah. We have painted a picture of Iran, um, as beaten down, as the reason it's not retaliating very much is they have no capability to retaliate. And I tell you, uh, tell you this, um, Steven, so I've, I've been in big debates here at, uh, the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, where I've literally been the only person on the stage to stand up and warn that this picture of Iran is, is, is way too negative. There was a, a widespread, I think, false assumption across the foreign policy community, no one willing to really stand up and challenge it very strongly, that Iran was, uh, basically collapsing on its own. This was always, uh, uh, in my view, underestimating the power of Iran. And you say, "Well, where does my view come from?" It came from the modeling of the bombing. What would happen as this went forward? And none of these elements of Iran's power were ever knocked
27:42 – 32:06
Is US Intelligence Reliant On Israel?
1. RPRobert Pape
  out.
2. SBSteven Bartlett
  When I look through the response to the last conversation, the, the audience had lots of different types of questions. So I'm gonna try and represent some of the audience's questions to try and bring them into the conversation. One of them was a- about Israel's role in this, and I, I thought-
3. RPRobert Pape
  Mm
4. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... it might actually link to what you just said about-
5. RPRobert Pape
  Mm-hmm
6. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... where we get our intelligence from that informs the decisions we make, because there are some people that are skeptical that the intelligence is coming from Israel and that therefore that it might not be as accurate as if it was coming from our own sources.
7. RPRobert Pape
  I, I would say Israel has been playing the role of diplomatic spoiler. So in the 12-day war when-- last June when the US bombed Fordow, we've been focusing on that. That happened in the middle of the 12-day war. Donald Trump said he was going to negotiate with a certain set of Iranians and literally the next day, uh, 36 hours later, Israeli air power killed them, killed the negotiators we were set to negotiate with. This was totally spoiling the idea of a diplomatic outcome because they were dead, [laughs] so you couldn't have a negotiated outcome. Now if we come to February 28, who dropped the first bombs that killed the supreme leader, that, uh, killed those other several dozen doves that he was meeting with?
8. SBSteven Bartlett
  What's a dove?
9. RPRobert Pape
  Donald Trump, um, as, as many of our governments have, um, describes that w- you had a balance of hawks and doves inside of the Iranian government and, uh, the idea here is with leadership decapitation is, well, if you kill, uh, the hawks, then the doves will just be the ones left. We did the opposite, or more correctly, the bombing was started by Israel on February 28. We came in behind, and in fact, Secretary Rubio, our Secretary of State, explained, uh, a few days later that, um, uh, Israel basically backed us in a corner because Israel said, "We're gonna kill that supreme leader whether you like it or not, and that is gonna maybe lead to attacks on your military bases, so you better prepare an air campaign to come behind." And Rubio said that's what happened. 'Cause again, just before the 20-- February 28 bombing, we're negotiating with Iran and we're killing the very people that Trump was saying are the ones we wanted to negotiate with, the ones who were gonna help move Iran closer to the American position. That was Israel as spoiler.
10. SBSteven Bartlett
  So there's this individual called Ali Larijani, the former secretary of Iran's Supreme National Security Council, and he was killed in an Israeli-led airstrike on March 17th 2026.
11. RPRobert Pape
  Mm.
12. SBSteven Bartlett
  Trump claimed on Truth Social that L- I can't say his name, but I'm gonna try. Larijani-
13. RPRobert Pape
  Larijani
14. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... was the primary contact for a 10-point peace proposal that Trump had called workable and a basis for a real agreement. Trump suggested that the strike was poorly timed when Israel killed him, and complained that Israel's lone wolf actions were complicating his ability to wrap up the war on his own terms. He famously posted that he was inches away from the biggest deal in history before the assassination reset the clock.
15. RPRobert Pape
  So this would be the third instance then of Israel as diplomatic spoiler. What you're hearing from Trump's own mouth is he thought he, uh, was close to a working relationship, maybe not a full deal, with a certain set of individuals, in this case, Larijani. And what did Israel do when they found out about it? They killed that person. And yes, I, I understand there's issues of intelligence, but, you know, most of us don't have a clearance, so we can't talk about that. So let's talk about the actual public description that we've heard from, um, Prime Minister Netanyahu over the last several years. The public description is that Iran is simply a paper tiger, that, that, um, Israel has been dominating Iran, knocking out its air defenses, launching other attacks here in 2024. The rhetoric that's coming publicly has been painting the picture of Iran as a weak and, and not just weakened, but basically cripple. It's down on its last legs, and all you need is a final coup de grâce. That has been Pr- Prime Minister Netanyahu's language.
32:06 – 40:23
What If This Turns Into A Ground War
1. SBSteven Bartlett
  The other thing that the audience wanted to know is they wanted more specifics on stage three.
2. RPRobert Pape
  Yes. Yes.
3. SBSteven Bartlett
  And is stage three happening? We talked last time about-
4. RPRobert Pape
  Yes
5. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... ground troops.
6. RPRobert Pape
  It's very important, and I, I've been saying this on the Substack and my, and my X, to follow the key indicators here of deployment, not follow just what's occurring with the rhetoric of our leaders. Um, and the key thing to, to know is that if you're going to, um, weaken Iran with ground power, there's only a few ways you can get that ground power into Iran. You could try to come through Pakistan, but Pakistan actually is Iran's ally, who gave Iran the 600 centrifuges in 2002 to start developing its enrichment program, so... And Pakistan has 100 nuclear weapons or so, so [chuckles] I don't think we're doing this, uh, here. You could try to do it with Afghanistan, but notice you'd have to get all the troops in Afghanistan. That's not working. You could also go to Azerbaijan. That's up there. Notice on the first day of the war, there was a missile that hit Azerbaijan, and people on CNN, they weren't, "What? What's going on here? It's just a random..." In fact, I think, uh, our, our, our public, uh, statement on that day was, "This shows how, how incoherent, uh, the Iran leadership is." That's not what I saw. What I saw is they understood that, uh, Azerbaijan was always thought to be a staging area to go to Tehran. And so if you're going to take Tehran with a division or two, you would really wanna have your forces start here from Azerbaijan. Now, so far, though, that's not happening. Azerbaijan said, "Nope, don't count on us. We're not getting in the middle of this." Now we're back to why would you start to think about marines, uh, to take territory here on the coasts of Iran?
7. SBSteven Bartlett
  So inside Iran, where the Strait of Hormuz is.
8. RPRobert Pape
  That's the, that's the beginning of it. You would start there around inside Iran, around the Strait of Hormuz, as a beachhead.
9. SBSteven Bartlett
  There's some photos which I'll throw up on the screen showing what the terrain around the Strait of Hormuz looks like, and it's, it is quite shocking.
10. RPRobert Pape
  It's, it's a moonscape, and what you can see is that this is the most difficult terrain for amphibious operations to operate in.
11. SBSteven Bartlett
  What is amphibious operations?
12. RPRobert Pape
  Uh, where you have troops that are on ships, on landing vessels. Uh, just like Saving Private Ryan, they go from the water onto the beach. You would also then have, um, some air power with some Ospreys, but they're doing essentially the same thing. They're coming onto the same beach.
13. SBSteven Bartlett
  What's an Osprey?
14. RPRobert Pape
  Uh, an Osprey is a special made plane that we've made for the Marines, and it's a plane that is a hybrid between a helicopter and a jet. And so the propellers on the plane are able to rotate, so they can fly as a propeller plane, um, here, or a, uh, a cheap man's jet, or they can actually, um, like a helicopter, and that's really great if you wanna fly fast to a beach and then go straight down.
15. SBSteven Bartlett
  So are you saying that you think they will put boots on the ground in the Strait of Hormuz?
16. RPRobert Pape
  Let me just fill out this a little bit more, okay? So the other big thing that, that the folks need to know is where is the oil?Iran's oil, and here I'm drawing a circle here, Iran's oil is all in this, uh, southwestern part, almost all of it is in this southwestern part of, um, of Iran. Kuwait's oil is all right here. Ir- uh, Iraq has a couple puddles of oil. It has a big puddle of oil right here. Saudi's oil is all right here. You might, uh, try to land forces of division here in Iraq, in Kuwait, uh, in Saudi Arabia, and come around this way. This is why knocking out these bases as truly platforms here, this was why they st- I think they start on day one. This wasn't just to hit the bases in retaliation. They are weakening our ability. They're taking away different axes of attack, and this is why in the, uh, Substack I published three days before the war, I'm specifically talking about marines moving in limited areas to take coastal regions as beachheads-
17. SBSteven Bartlett
  What's a beachhead?
18. RPRobert Pape
  A beachhead is where you have a, a foothold, a toehold, where you're gonna funnel in more forces after that, and you are going to very likely want to control an area that's at least about 100 miles by 20 miles in order to get behind all this, uh, this, this mountainous terrain. And what does that look like? The oil fields, Steven. This is what President Trump is almost surely talking about when he says he's gonna take Iran's oil fields. What he is probably, um, being given options for is how you could start in a limited way with an amphibious, a marine, a limited assault to take a, a small set of stretch of beaches, and then you would wanna follow and take... If you're gonna start this at all, you're almost surely gonna wanna just start to take the oil fields, and President Trump's been talking that way for years really.
19. SBSteven Bartlett
  He also said in a recent interview that if it was up to him, he would go and take the oil, but he said the American people won't like that. And he said it once, and then he said it again, and then he said it again. This was during a press conference on Monday, April 6th. He said, "If it were up to me, I would take the oil. I would keep it all for ourselves and make a lot of money because to the victor belong the spoils. But people in the country sort of say, 'Just win and come home,' and I'm okay with that too." And he said that, I th- from the interview that I was watching twice, which made me think that he really wants to go take the oil. But if he does put troops on the ground in Iran-
20. RPRobert Pape
  Yeah
21. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... it just creates a clearer target for those drone strikes.
22. RPRobert Pape
  It creates a clearer target for those drone strikes, but what people maybe are not fully understanding is the political consequences of the deaths of those marines.
23. SBSteven Bartlett
  Yeah.
24. RPRobert Pape
  Most people are assuming if those marines go in and die, this will make America run away. It'll be like a punch in the face, and we'll run away. That's not likely to be what happens. Again, this is my area of what happens when you have military force and politics come together. You need to understand that when those marines go in and, say, hundreds die or, or so over time, there will be 36% of the public that will have supported that. That 36% is gonna see those marines died for them. That 36% is likely to double down in their commitment because otherwise they died for nothing. Now, the 50%, 59%, excuse me, who's opposed to the war, they'll still be pretty hotly opposed to the war. I'm not saying they're gonna move toward the war, Steven. What I'm saying is you have a Republican president supported by 36% of, of the Republicans here, almost no Democrats. If you start to actually have deaths here, this is going to lead to a bigger version of we can't withdraw now, we must, quote, "finish the job," otherwise they will have died for nothing. This is what happened in Vietnam. In Vietnam, in the early stages, you will see that it's sticky up. The support for the war, it takes a while to go down. And why does it take so long to go down? It's because of exactly what I'm saying. The politics of this, of the death of our troops in battle, does not lead to we cut and run. It leads to we double down for the honor of the troops. That's why I'm saying we start this even in a small way, even cargo. It doesn't really matter where you start it, but once you have those ground forces go in and they start to take casualties, you're probably in for the six-month ground war
40:23 – 44:19
A Civilization Could Die Tonight
1. RPRobert Pape
  minimum.
2. SBSteven Bartlett
  So it looks like they're going to try and avoid that outcome. It looks like they're doing everything in their power, America, to avoid a scenario where they have to send troops in. The, the threats that have come out of, uh, Donald Trump's Truth Social posts really talk about-- I mean, look, I'll read this one here.
3. RPRobert Pape
  Yeah.
4. SBSteven Bartlett
  It says, "A whole civilization will die tonight never to be brought, brought back again. I don't know what will happen, but it probably will." Um, and all the, a lot of the tweets are-
5. RPRobert Pape
  Can we just focus on that one?
6. SBSteven Bartlett
  Yeah.
7. RPRobert Pape
  The civilization, because it's much y-y... That was a few days ago. A lot of people are already trying to move past it. This has much more importance and endurance than I think we're understanding now. So first of all, that statement that President Trump said that he will end an entire civilization in one night, uh, we need to understand this is not a drunk at a bar. This is the President of the United States who has at his disposal thousands of nuclear weapons that could in fact achieve that, and let me just explain how hair trigger these are. We have 500 Minuteman III missiles. They have warheads between 100, uh, kilotons and 300 kilotons, which is multiple times more powerful than Hiroshima and Nagasaki, each one of them, and they can be retargeted within 45 minutes. That's what it takes to retarget the gyroscopes, and then it takes about 25 minutes for them to hit Iran. So when the President of the United States is saying this, he's only one of a handful of people in the world who could pull-- who could actually make this credible.Second point is that is the most declared statement of genocidal intent we've ever seen from an American president. No American president has threatened to end a civilization before, which is at the heart of the genocide treaties in 1948, the intent to commit genocide. Harry Truman, people say, "What do you mean? We had Harry Truman. We bom- we, we bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki." Go and look at his statement on Hiroshima, Harry Truman. He did not say he was ending Japan as a civilization. He pulled back and said it was about to destroy Japan's military power. What President Trump has done by making those statements is he's persuading all 92 million Iranians that he is willing to kill them, and he has the power to kill them. And yes, he pulled back from killing them on Tuesday, and yes, he may not have used nuclear weapons on Tuesday, but if any other leader had said that, if-- imagine Vladimir Putin stands up and says he's going to end American civilization tonight. He's got the weapons to be able to do that. Are we just gonna sit back and say, "Oh, yeah, he didn't do it, he must not have meant it"? No, that would mobilize enormous anger against Vladimir Putin in the United States, even among Democrats. And my point here, Steven, is before, uh, this war started, we had a real pro-democracy movement in Iran, and on your show I told you this was going to fade. Uh, this was one of the predictions I made to you. Said, "This is gonna fade over time. You're gonna see nationalism bonding the society and the regime closer together." President Trump is bonding them together like never before. If you're one of the pro-democracy individuals here, movement in Iran, where are you gonna go for protection? Are you gonna go to Donald Trump, who's threatening to kill you with, essentially, nuclear weapons? Or are you gonna go to your own government? This is going to hasten the support, increase the support for Iran developing nuclear weapons. The pro-democracy movement is now likely to support
44:19 – 50:25
What This War Means For Ordinary Iranians
1. RPRobert Pape
  this.
2. SBSteven Bartlett
  On that point, one of the questions and one of the points raised by the audience last time we had the conversation was really we didn't spend enough time talking about the 90-plus million people that live in Iran-
3. RPRobert Pape
  Yeah
4. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... that are often, many of them, caught amongst all of this absolute chaos. And I, I was looking at a bunch of messages from people that are living in Iran, um, and I'll read some of them-
5. RPRobert Pape
  Mm-hmm
6. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... from ordinary citizens.
7. RPRobert Pape
  Mm-hmm.
8. SBSteven Bartlett
  Um, "I'm not great at math, but where will the money, the resources, and the experts come from to build a country that ordinary people spent decades trying to build?"
9. RPRobert Pape
  Mm-hmm.
10. SBSteven Bartlett
  "From the..." This is a different person. "From the beginning of the war until today, we have been bombarded. Not only are we not one step closer to freedom, from what I can see, we are miles away from it." From another person in Iran, "A whole civilization will die tonight, never to be brought, brought back again. This has deeply terrified me." I-it- it's, it's-- it raises really the question, a lot of this c- this discourse doesn't speak much to 90-plus million people that are living there and that are having to exist under this terror. And, like, the best way that I could conceptualize it is I, I, I imagined if I'd woken up one day and Vladimir Putin or some other leader around the world had said that they were potentially gonna end the civilization that I live in, the country that I live in tonight, how would I be feeling? And if I was hearing bombs go off all the ti- time, how would I be feeling? Um, and if things were escalating where me and my family lived, how would I be feeling? And it, it is chilling to think about. It is truly chilling.
11. RPRobert Pape
  It's, it's chilling because this is now moving the needle inside of Iran to make the ordinary person on the street, uh, even the pro-democracy movement, willing to tolerate Iran killing Americans because we're killing them, and we're saying we're gonna do it even worse, and we're sa- even beyond that, we're saying at the whim of a president who wakes up thinking maybe this will help his, save his presidency, he is willing to, uh, uh, kill the entire civilization of a country because he thinks maybe this is gonna be his off-- his golden, uh, off-ramp to get out of this problem for himself personally. And by the way, we, we've-- in our country, when Al-Qaeda attacked us on 9/11, there was tremendous fear there would be more attacks by Al-Qaeda i- in the weeks afterwards. There was just much fear, and I've done the studies of the American public opinion on this. It's the fear of Muslims killing Americans that's su- driving the support for the Iraq War. If this is happening to Americans, you can only imagine what's gonna happen to the ordinary Iranians, and they've been subjected not to just one attack, 40 days of attack.
12. SBSteven Bartlett
  So for the average Iranian person that opposes the regime in Iran and has been living under terror and oppression for many, many decades, wh- what, what do you think happens next for them? They're, they're the group of people that I, that I think about and care about the most in this equation. We spend a lot of time talking about US power, and we talk about lots of these other regional partners, but there's, like, 90-odd million people stuck right in the heart of this that often don't really have a voice.
13. RPRobert Pape
  Their life expectancy will go down in measurable years. So if we had taken out the electric power, so this is something I know quite a bit about. In the 1990s, I was, uh, working for the Air Force. Literally under, uh, my boss was John Warden, the leader of the Leadership Decapitation School. And he brought in, not classified at all, he brought in engineers of electric power plants to teach us how to take down electric power. The electric power grid in Iran, it looks like a network.And that network has big nodes. That's what President Trump said. He would s- he's gonna take out the big power plants that produce, uh, in the 10s, 20, 30, uh, megawatts, uh, range, and there are probably about 130 nodes altogether. But if you just take out the top 10, you're probably gonna take down the entire network because the top 10 nodes are distributed in the right places to support different, uh, electric power, different regions of the country. You have two choices in a target- in targeting sense. You can take out the transformers, in which case you knock it out for a week or two, and it is inconvenient, and yes, there will be some people who will die. There were human chains around those targets, by the way. Those people would die. But if you took out the hulls, the generating hulls-
14. SBSteven Bartlett
  What's that?
15. RPRobert Pape
  That's the giant turbines that are huge. There is no backup to those. Each of those is specially made. You will be knocking the out, that generation for six months, 12 months, maybe 18 months at a minimum. What that's gonna do is stop all dialysis in the country. That's gonna stop all, um, the, uh, s- heart surgeries and other life-saving surgeries that are gonna happen in the country. It's gonna take out all the food refrigeration in the country. So you know when power goes out in your house and goes out for 10 minutes or, or, or an hour, it's not so bad. You don't really notice it. But when it goes out for two days or three days or a week, all the food in your refrigerator spoils-
16. SBSteven Bartlett
  Mm-hmm
17. RPRobert Pape
  ... and you can't eat it fast enough, you can't give it away fast enough [chuckles] because it's happening to everybody on your block. Well, that's what would happen across the country. So there's gonna be an enormous amount of spoilage of food, and that refrigeration then is not gonna be available to come back. And so you're gonna have enormous hunger problems here. So people that were already malnourished, they are gonna be e- uh, susceptible to more disease. So you will end up lowering the life expectancy in a measurable way of that population.
18. SBSteven Bartlett
  [paper flips]
50:25 – 52:33
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1. SBSteven Bartlett
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52:33 – 55:43
Is The US Locked Into A Long War?
1. SBSteven Bartlett
  So there's been a lot of talk in the recent days about a ceasefire, and Trump said he was going to-- He said, tweeted these horrific things about e- ending a whole civilization tonight, and then at the final hour said that they had proposed a 10-point plan and that there was gonna be a two-week ceasefire. What do you think was actually going on there?
2. RPRobert Pape
  The collision of stages three and four. So what you are now seeing is we c- we, we are now understand we're in it for the long haul, which means we can't go back to February 27. We can't undo the last 40 days. It's just not gonna be possible. So there's only two futures going forward. Future number one is that ground war option, and we've talked about how terrible that is, and of course, that's obviously bad, bad cost. But future number two is Iran as an emerging fourth center of world power, and that is incredibly damaging to America's power, and that is going to be damaging to President Trump's legacy.
3. SBSteven Bartlett
  Is there not another option where Iran, their leadership says, "Okay, we won't make nuclear weapons. Okay, we'll be friends. Okay, it's all over. Please stop bombing us. Let's go for peace"?
4. RPRobert Pape
  S- so my response to that is I've been studying the history of international politics for over 35 years. I know quite a bit about, uh, great power politics and regional power politics going back 300 years. I have never seenA country at the regional level or at the great power level surrender power. Did America, after World War II, decide, well, yes, uh, we, we have the capability to build nuclear weapons, but, you know, we wanna get along with the Russians who helped us defeat Germany. So what we're gonna do is we're gonna actually have a, a, a deal, an arms control agree-- in fact, this was proposed, by the way, um, and we rejected it, which is we're just gonna not go down that road. We're gonna surrender the power advantage that we have, uh, here so that we can be cooperative with the Soviets who had just worked with us to defeat Nazi Germany.
5. SBSteven Bartlett
  So, so that's not gonna happen?
6. RPRobert Pape
  We-- There's no evidence in history, in our history, we've never surrendered power, even when it might have been a good idea.
7. SBSteven Bartlett
  But I mean-
8. RPRobert Pape
  We haven't done that. They're not gonna do this.
9. SBSteven Bartlett
  They're not gonna do that.
10. RPRobert Pape
  No, they're not gonna do this. You already see this in the-- in why the, uh, the ceasefire is breaking down so fast. It's breaking down so fast because essentially President Trump, he didn't just declare victory, he said that Iran's, uh, not gonna have all this power that I'm explaining to you. And what Iran did is almost immediately assert, "Oh yes, we are." [laughs] They, they, they've come right back right away. If President Trump is expecting that out of the goodness of their heart, they're gonna surrender emerging world power, th-this is, uh, this is just a fantasy. Uh, it's not gonna happen. Uh, he wouldn't surrender power. Why is he gonna expect Iran's gonna surrender power?
55:43 – 57:34
Iran’s 10-Point Plan Explained
1. SBSteven Bartlett
  So I'm looking at this apparent 10-point proposal submitted by Iran.
2. RPRobert Pape
  Mm-hmm.
3. SBSteven Bartlett
  Um, and you, you gotta take this with a pinch of salt because there's different reports about what this 10-point proposal looks like. But it says that based on official releases from the Iranian state news agency, the IRNA, and international reporting-
4. RPRobert Pape
  Mm-hmm
5. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... the 10-point proposal from Iran to the United States was for a permanent ceasefire, number one, end attacks on allies, a complete halt to Israel and US strikes across the region, specifically Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen. Number three, reopen the Strait of Hormuz. Iran will allow safe passage through, through the Strait of Hormuz. Collect tolls. Iran will charge a fee, reportedly two million dollars, for each ship passing through the strait. Revenue sharing with O-Oman-
6. RPRobert Pape
  Mm-hmm
7. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... which is toll revenues will be split with Oman as custodians of the strait. Number six, lift the sanctions, the complete removal of all US primary and secondary sanctions. Release assets, number seven, the immediate return of all frozen Iranian funds held abroad. Number eight, the right to e-enrich uranium, US acceptance of Iran's right to domestic uranium enrichment while Iran commits to not seeking nuclear weapons. Number nine, war reparations, full compensation paid to Iran for reconstruction costs from the bombing. And lastly, number 10, the termination of all UN resolutions against the regime and a new binding UN Security Council resolution to enforce this deal. Now, listen, I don't know a lot about what I'm talking about.
8. RPRobert Pape
  [laughs]
9. SBSteven Bartlett
  So that's the disclaimer. However, it sounds like a good deal for Iran in many respects.
10. RPRobert Pape
  On every single point, and it also validates Iran as an emerging world power. So all of those points in the details, if you think of them as a flow diagram, all 10 of them are adding up to validation of Iran as a top in the hierarchy in the Persian Gulf.
57:34 – 1:01:13
The Shifting Global Power Balance
1. RPRobert Pape
  So why is it so important to be the number one strongest state in the world? It's because in the last 300 years, whether it was Britain, the United States, or whether it's China in the future, the number one state typically dictates the rules of how the world systems operate. Well, what you're seeing with Iran is they wanna dictate the rules in the Persian Gulf, and that's what that is. Now, if we move this over, which I love your props, uh, here, that is good. So right now you see that even though it's the United States is just, um, uh, that lone flag, it has this higher weight. And what this is reflecting is, uh, the United States as, uh, the number one country in the world, the most powerful. Now, if you also then add, um, this over here, so this would be Israel, you can see this is the world that Netanyahu is depicting, um, before on February 27th. But the actual world, I just wanna point out, is a little bit different. The actual balance of power is closer to this. It's closer to the United States, and then we have China, and we have, uh, Russia. There are three centers of world power, and in 1990, um, it used to be, by the way, uh, just the United States and, uh, the Soviet Union, then Russia, the Soviet Union collapses. This is when the United States is the sole superpower, the unipolar moment. It immediately shifts like this from 1989 to 1992. Dramatic shift. However, along the way, in the last 30 years, you see, um, this changing. And what's changing? Russia actually still is weak. It's still about 2% of the world's GDP. That's not really what's changing. What's really changing is, is China is now much, much, much more powerful. It's still not as powerful as the United States, but notice that we were here in 1990, and now the balance is starting to be, uh, to come like this. Well, if we start to add Iran as a center of world power, uh, now we're starting to change this in a much different way. Now, these three powers are starting together in concert to become more powerful than the United States, uh, especially with respect to energy. And energy matters so much because it's an underlying component for our economic growth, that GDP. The way, um, uh, we measure, uh, great power, Steven, for-Decades and decades, we've used static indicators, GDP, how big is your military, how many nuclear weapons you have. That all rests on the productive ca- capacity of your country, which is why the productive capacity is so important. What does that turn on? It turns a lot very heavily on oil. Oil today is the commodity. If you lose access to oil within weeks or a month and a half, this has dramatic cliff effects on your economy. Now, if you lose access to semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, that's bad, and it's bad over time i-in particular. You lose access to oil, this is a cliff that you-- we go off over six weeks, eight weeks because there's not enough, uh, storage capacity of anybody in the world to make up for 20%, 30% loss
1:01:13 – 1:05:08
Why US Oil Prices Are Rising
1. RPRobert Pape
  of world oil.
2. SBSteven Bartlett
  So on this point of oil, the US don't get their oil from the Strait of Hormuz.
3. RPRobert Pape
  We don't, but it's a global market, and a lot of the, uh, price of oil that we're going to pay is going to be determined by the global price of oil because oil is a fungible commodity. It's like a, a water that runs through the whole system. When there's a shortage, it drives the price of all of us up.
4. SBSteven Bartlett
  Okay. So I've got a graph here showing the price of oil.
5. RPRobert Pape
  Yeah.
6. SBSteven Bartlett
  And you can see-- I'll throw it up on the screen. You can see it's been climbing ever since the 27th of February. So this will impact Americans at the pump as well as-
7. RPRobert Pape
  Oh my gosh, and you see it in the pump already. Where I am in Chicago, I'm paying some-- I was paying something like three ten a gallon. Now, the last time I, I filled up, it was four sixty. It's a bit of a misnomer to think that we can, as America, get away scot-free with everybody else losing oil, and we're not going to-- we're not gonna pay a price. Now, to be clear, we will have supply of oil. The price will go up. This will increase inflation. This will probably increase bond prices over time. Uh-
8. SBSteven Bartlett
  What's a bond price?
9. RPRobert Pape
  The bond is the loans that essentially any, uh, corporation, companies, or, or the University of Chicago takes out to borrow money to operate. So the University of Chicago borrows, uh, has, has 10-year bonds. This is essentially we're borrowing money, and then we have to pay back that money plus an interest rate. That's what the bond rate is. It's an interest rate on, on borrowed money. Well, if that interest rate goes from 4% on a 10-year bond, um, to 5% or 6 or 7%, the cost of the interest just goes up massively.
10. SBSteven Bartlett
  And everybody will feel that in various ways because-
11. RPRobert Pape
  The US government, right now the biggest, uh, budget item in the US government budget is the cost of interest for the debt of the $40 b- trillion in debt. We're gonna have to shrink Social Security. You're gonna have to shrink Medicaid. This is not notional, Steven. Iran and, uh, Russia together could have a tremendous impact on America's economy. This, this is the real thing.
12. SBSteven Bartlett
  So c- with your balance of power analogy-
13. RPRobert Pape
  Yeah. That's where-
14. SBSteven Bartlett
  This is where we, where we could get to.
15. RPRobert Pape
  This is where we could get to with the next several years. I would say, um, probably two years out, I would say that America has an edge, and I'm trying to depict it as it's, like, about a 25 or 30% edge from the combination of China and Russia today. And China is gaining, but still, it's actually slow year by year. So you'll see a little bit of an uptick, so maybe going-- I'm trying to depict from, say, a third advantage for the United States to maybe, uh, 30%, 28% in the next four or five years. You add Iran to this and then especially these combinations I'm describing where they can do things together, now in the next several years, you're actually talking about, uh, the scales where these three are mu- are stronger than America, where I'm not talking about just America's losing it incrementally. You're getting-
16. SBSteven Bartlett
  So what-
17. RPRobert Pape
  Abrupt changes in the world balance of power.
18. SBSteven Bartlett
  So what happens now if Trump just pulls out?
19. RPRobert Pape
  This is the world. Iran is an oil hegemon in the Persian Gulf. Uh, within a year or so, they're very likely to have nuclear weapons. I'm saying the pro-democracy movement is gonna be pounding the table to get nuclear weapons. They're gonna wanna deter any, uh, idea from Trump of hitting them again. Um, and then I'm saying beyond that, you have the possibility of Iran and Russia deciding to cooperate here to strangle, uh, and coerce the United States. And if the United States doesn't kowtow to them, then w- they can pull that oil off the market.
1:05:08 – 1:07:20
If You Were Trump: What Would You Do?
1. SBSteven Bartlett
  So what should Trump do, do you think? If you were president of the United States-
2. RPRobert Pape
  Yep
3. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... what would you do right now?
4. RPRobert Pape
  So when I was here 40 days ago, we had the same question, and what I said was we needed to accept, uh, that there would be a deal, and we were going to have to accept that the deal that Iran was offering us on February 27, where they would get to keep their 3.5% enriched uranium, wasn't gonna be good enough. We were gonna have to lift o-oil sanctions. We're gonna have to do various things to sweeten the deal, so to speak. Well, notice actually Scott Bessent did some of that. [chuckles] He did lift the-- But the power of Iran has grown so much, Steven, that's not good enough, and that's what you're seeing with why this deal is-- the ceasefire is starting to break down from Iran's side. So what would you offer Iran? I think a enforced military containment of Israel would be a serious, uh, card that America could play that I think Iran-- would get Iran at least in a serious discussion. I don't know if it would be enough. I wanna be careful here that I don't say, "Well, this will certainly, uh, be the deal Iran will take." But we have to imagine if Iran has world power, what is it going to take to get Iran to surrender some of that? Well, one thing would be to have confidence that Israel is not gonna keep attacking it or its allies.
5. SBSteven Bartlett
  But then they're not gonna believe that after what's happened.
6. RPRobert Pape
  Well, it would have to go through-- You'd have to make it enforceable. It's not gonna be good enough to try to promise that. One thing President Trump could do, since the Republicans control both houses of Congress, is President Trump could push through a bill through Congress that says if Israel attacks Iran or, uh, could even extend to, to Lebanon, but let's at least start with Iran, um, all funds for Israel, both military and economic, will be cut off through the end of Trump's presidency. Now, that passes through, uh, both chambers of Congress. President Trump signs itNow you're talking. Now we actually have as much teeth as you could ever have of a military containment of Israel.
1:07:20 – 1:09:57
If Israel Joins The Nuclear Treaty
1. SBSteven Bartlett
  So presumably in such a scenario, Iran would continue to enrich uranium because they've now had a taste of what can happen to them if they're powerless.
2. RPRobert Pape
  Well, let me extend this, um, a little bit more. So let's talk about Article 2 of the deal that's gonna go through [laughs] the Congress. Israel joins the NPT, and that is the quid pro quo for getting Iran to accept the onsite inspections of its 3.5% enriched uranium. So Israel gets to have, um, its Dimona nuclear power plant, where it has plutonium for its nuclear weapons that's measured by the Non-Proliferation Treaty, the IAEA, those are the inspectors, and Iran will have onsite inspections at the various locations we're talking about. But the second part of this, Steven, would be quid pro quo. If Iran is gonna be subject to onsite verification, onsite monitoring, Israel, which is now not part of the Non-Proliferation treaty, already has nuclear weapons, it's gonna have to accept that this can't be a one-sided deal going forward. It's gonna have to be a more balanced situation when it comes to monitoring, um, nuclear weapons capabilities.
3. SBSteven Bartlett
  So what does that mean specifically, that Iran would be able to monitor Israel's nuclear weapons?
4. RPRobert Pape
  Uh, through the IAEA, that's right. And it would be the material for the weapons, not the weapons themselves. So the wea-
5. SBSteven Bartlett
  But they already have weapons, so what's there to monitor?
6. RPRobert Pape
  Oh, no, no, no. Right now, the number of Israel's, uh, Israel's nuclear weapons is not known. We have vague counts. The reason [laughs] Israel's not part of the NPT is not because it doesn't matter. It provides the kind of calcu- the kind of detailed information through the IAEA that would be useful for estimating the size of Israel's-
7. SBSteven Bartlett
  Do you think Israel, Netanyahu, he's gonna wanna give that information to Iran?
8. RPRobert Pape
  This isn't about want to anymore, Steven. What we're talking about is what are the offer... You've asked me the hard question, what is an off-ramp to this trade-off between the ground war and Iran as the fourth center of world power? And I said, "Okay, there is an actual off-ramp here," but notice that the hesitation now is politics, and that's what I'm trying to explain, that, that I study the interaction of military action and politics, and I'm with you. I, I don't think Israel will like- They've been trying to spoil these other deals. I don't think Israel is gonna allow this to occur, but now then we're right back to the trade-off that nobody wants to confront.
1:09:57 – 1:13:49
What Experts Think Happens Next
1. RPRobert Pape
  So-
2. SBSteven Bartlett
  So what do you think is gonna happen?
3. RPRobert Pape
  What I think is that we are going to go back and forth between stage three and stage four for months.
4. SBSteven Bartlett
  What's stage three and stage four?
5. RPRobert Pape
  So stage three are preparations for the ground war-
6. SBSteven Bartlett
  Yep
7. RPRobert Pape
  ... and Iran emerging as a fourth center of world power. I think both of these are likely to go on for months. I think that, uh, for stage three, the ground war option to truly be taken off the table, you would need to see America withdrawing its military forces. You would need to see all the carriers leave the region and go back to, uh, other parts of the world. You would need to see the Marines that have been moved to the Gulf go back to Camp Pendleton in California, go back to, uh, Japan. You would need to see the hundreds of aircraft, like the F-35s, for example, that have been moved to the region, they all need to go back to their pre-war locations.
8. SBSteven Bartlett
  So we're gonna bounce between stage three and stage four.
9. RPRobert Pape
  Yep, that's the diagram. So the new diagram I'm trying to-
10. SBSteven Bartlett
  And then what happens?
11. RPRobert Pape
  We just, um, I think there's still... If you pushed me on this last time, I still say there's a 70% chance that we're gonna start a ground operation, and it's not because President Trump wants it. It's not because he's not trying to avoid it. It's because there's a trap, and the trap that he's gonna face is, is he really willing to be the president where under his presidency, Iran detonates a nuclear weapon to demonstrate it has nuclear power?
12. SBSteven Bartlett
  From his rhetoric, and listen, these are just the tweets, it seems like the alternate option he's considered when he talks about bombing the infrastructure and bridges and roads and power plants is just completely decapitating the coun- country, and I think in his own words, sending it back to the Stone Ages as another option.
13. RPRobert Pape
  This will come back. This will come back, but it would be, as I believe, the precursor to more ground operations, Steven.
14. SBSteven Bartlett
  Do you think he would go as-
15. RPRobert Pape
  So I don't think that this will be a case where you do the electric power targeting and then it's done. Finally, he's satisfied, he's pounded them enough and walk away because you do the electric power targeting, you have further incentivized 92 milli-... They still have the enriched uranium. You have 92 million people desperate now for not just getting a nuclear weapon for deterrence, but for payback. And so you will find the pressure for the ground war will be even more intense in the aftermath of all of that. This idea they're gonna be bombed back to the Stone Ages, where we won't worry about them anymore, um, they're gonna be this minor country that we will just ignore. As long as they have 1,000 pounds of 60% enriched uranium, 10,000 pounds of five and te- and 20% enriched uranium, um, this is, this will just not be the case.
16. SBSteven Bartlett
  So you still think the most plausible, probable outcome is that Trump ends up sending ground troops in specifically to do two things I think I remember you saying last time. One of them is to go and get the uranium.
17. RPRobert Pape
  Yep.
18. SBSteven Bartlett
  And the second, I believe, is to defend the Strait of Hormuz.
19. RPRobert Pape
  Yep, yep, yep, yep. I think that-
20. SBSteven Bartlett
  You think there's still a solution
21. RPRobert Pape
  ... I think these are the two things that are on the table.
22. SBSteven Bartlett
  And you think it's gonna s- it's probably gonna take several months.
23. RPRobert Pape
  I think it could go on, yes, for months because I think that you are going to see that there's going to be, um, this back and forth. And the way to monitor this, so you can see is the timeline speeding up or slowing down, is literally the movement of the deployed troops. Don't track this by what the negotiations are. Don't track this by what comes out of President Trump's mouth or even the Iranians' mouth. Track this by the movement of forces. That is the best indicator of what's going to come.
1:13:49 – 1:15:46
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1:15:46 – 1:17:58
What Iran Would Do With Nuclear Weapons
1. SBSteven Bartlett
  On this point where you said you don't think Trump would wanna be the president that presided over Iran releasing a nuclear weapon, is that because if he pulled out now, they would enrich the uranium and then maybe demonstrate it under his-
2. RPRobert Pape
  That-That's right.
3. SBSteven Bartlett
  Presidency?
4. RPRobert Pape
  So the scenario that I have laid out, I've laid this out to my classes, uh, for years, the idea of what Iran would do with nuclear weapons. A lot of people have an image, uh, and it's coming from the public, so I understand why they have it. Uh, people have been s-- A lot of people have said this image where Iran gets a, a nuclear weapon or two, and the-- what they do immediately is they blow up Tel Aviv with the first one and maybe New York with the second one. This is just highly unlikely because what would happen is we would retaliate with nuclear weapons under that, uh, here. Much more plausible, and everything I'm seeing from Iran has been completely supporting their idea that they're thinking this through, um, uh, uh, strategically, is you would want not to just have one working nuclear weapon or even two, you want five. Ideally you want ten, maybe even fifteen. This is what happened with North Korea, because once you have, let's even say five, the most rational thing to do is you detonate the first one as a detonated test. You test it on your own territory, and then you listen for a week where everybody says, "Well, they only had one. They were stupid. They don't have da..." And you detonate the second one. And once you detonate the second one, just like when we hit Nagasaki after Hiroshima, everybody will assume there's a lot more there, and that is how you actually deter the United States from attacking you. And by the way, that's what effectively North Korea did. When President Trump took office in 2016, North Korea was a major problem. We were talking about bombing North Korea and so forth, and there's multiple reasons, but the big issues are that North Korea has a lot of nuclear weapons. We're not gonna be able to get them all. They have some other things they can do too, like, like, uh, artillery on Seoul. But this isn't just North Korea and Trump-
5. SBSteven Bartlett
  So-
6. RPRobert Pape
  Decided to be, you know, sort of best buds
1:17:58 – 1:21:28
Has Trump Lost Control?
1. RPRobert Pape
  here.
2. SBSteven Bartlett
  So the other route that played out in my mind was that Trump would just keep bombing Iran to keep them weak. But again, that doesn't solve the Strait of Hormuz problem. So-
3. RPRobert Pape
  Doesn't solve the uranium problem and doesn't solve the Strait of Hormuz problem because if we knew where that material was and we could just bomb it out of, uh, existence, I'm talking about the enriched uranium material, we would've done this already.
4. SBSteven Bartlett
  Which leads all roads to really the only solution being some kind of deal.
5. RPRobert Pape
  Absolutely. That's why the best thing to do is a deal with the military containment of Israel. That's the deal.
6. SBSteven Bartlett
  The problem, the problem you have with such a deal if when you're going into that deal, is the enemy know that you don't really have a plan B? You don't have-
7. RPRobert Pape
  That's right
8. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... a good plan B.
9. RPRobert Pape
  That's right.
10. SBSteven Bartlett
  And so your negotiation position is very weak and-
11. RPRobert Pape
  That's why you, that's why you're-- they're gonna keep their 3.5% enriched uranium no matter what. W- Um, the problem we face here is if we were ever going to get the 3.5% enriched uranium, um, to go away, we should never have ripped up the Obama nuclear deal by Trump in 2018. They've been developing ever since. The Biden administration, he, Trump one couldn't figure out how to stop the enriched uranium by, by Iran. Biden couldn't figure out how to stop it. Trump now has been trying to figure out how to stop it, and you know what? It's not stoppable. [chuckles] It's not stoppable short of these options I'm laying out. There's no way to get that material without ground forces, Steven, and you're not gonna send those ground forces in, just a thousand guys to s- get-- be it some postage stamp of an area for a month or two trying to find that enriched uranium. This is just not realistic.
12. SBSteven Bartlett
  I think-
13. RPRobert Pape
  Gonna be a bigger option.
14. SBSteven Bartlett
  I think it's clear to me, you know, I do this podcast and ask these questions and have people on because I'm actually really trying to find answers for myself. And I think if I've arrived at any conclusion from everything I've learned over the last couple of weeks, it's that I think Trump made a really big mistake. Um, pr- and that mistake probably started when he ripped up Obama's deal.
15. RPRobert Pape
  That's right.
16. SBSteven Bartlett
  But it's clear that
17. RPRobert Pape
  Four-DO was the really, really big one.
18. SBSteven Bartlett
  I think, I think he's stuck.
19. RPRobert Pape
  He is stuck.
20. SBSteven Bartlett
  I think he's stuck, and I think he's facing several bad options going forward. So I really have no idea what's gonna happen. And-
21. RPRobert Pape
  Well, what you're gonna-
22. SBSteven Bartlett
  That's my prediction
23. RPRobert Pape
  ... what you will also watch, Steven, so back to politics here, is, uh, Trump right now, we're not... It's not just Pape anymore who's saying he's lost control, he's losing power. The world is saying that. And w- this is gonna start to become the Republican Party is gonna say that. And what this is gonna do is it's going to incentivize Trump even more probably to become more belligerent, not to become calmer. So as Trump is becoming the lamest of lame ducks going forward because it's evident he's losing power, and as he loses power here on the international scene, this will mean he will lose power domestically as well, and will never go to zero, but it will be a dr- slow decline. This is where the real sort of future is here, why this is not simply a steady state now. Uh, this is why I won't make a prediction of what's gonna happen in September.
24. SBSteven Bartlett
  What do you-
25. RPRobert Pape
  We are not at a steady state. It is an unstable balance here between three and four.
26. SBSteven Bartlett
  What, what-
27. RPRobert Pape
  Three and
1:21:28 – 1:28:27
What This Means For Europe
1. RPRobert Pape
  four
2. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... what do you think happens with Europe? I feel like Europe, you know, Europe aren't on either side of your scale here. You've got Iran, Russia, and China on one end of the stale- scale. You've got the US on the other. Europe and NATO, what happens? Are they gonna form their own alliance and-
3. RPRobert Pape
  Well, NATO, NATO is i- for all practical purposes, dead. We're just writing its obituary. It's a body in the morgue already. Most people don't think that NATO is a political alliance. NATO is much more than that. If there's an Article 5, what that means, Steven, is there's a military operation with an American general at the top, and with Article 5, the American general tells the other countries' militaries, including their nuclear weapons, what to do. Now, if you're Britain and you have nuclear weapons and/or even if, uh, besides the nuclear weapons, if you're Germany, you don't have them, are you gonna follow, uh, uh, General Caine's orders on anything at this point? I don't think so.
4. SBSteven Bartlett
  So Article 5 is the document that all the NATO countries have signed?
5. RPRobert Pape
  No, it's the part of the NATO treaty which says if there's a NATO operations like in Afghanistan, it's American general who orders all the other countries' militaries what to... It's a hierarchy. So it's not a, um, a collection where the countries get together and they have these big, like, uh, cooperative decisions. No, the Americans run the plan. They are the ones who organize the military operation. They run the plan, and they just assign the, uh, other countries', uh, roles the way they would, um, the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force inside of the Pentagon. What I'm saying is what you just saw with Iran is such a, a horrible, catastrophic failure within just weeks, the idea that any Europeans are going to, uh, follow the orders of an American general, a- and I don't even think this is gonna be just under Donald Trump. I mean, I think for years. I think this is just laughable.
6. SBSteven Bartlett
  Trump was quite angry and scathing with his words about NATO. He said, "It's a paper tiger," and referred to them as cowards. And as we've been sat here today, you might be aware that NATO were meeting with Trump today in Washington, DC. And the NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte said, "When it came time to provide the logistical and other support to the United States needed in Iran, some allies were a bit slow to say the least. In fairness, they were a bit surprised. To maintain the element of surprise for the initial strikes, President Trump opted not to inform us ahead of time. But what I see when I look across Europe today is allies providing a massive amount of support. Nearly without exception, allies are doing everything the United States is asking. They have heard and are responding to President Trump's request." So it sounds a little bit like an apology tour coming from NATO. Um, and the German chancellor's also made, made a comment saying that they do not wanna split NATO. And so it seems like-
7. RPRobert Pape
  Well, they, well, they don't want American troops to leave the, um, uh, the European continent because that provides some deterrent to Russia. That's what you're hearing there. But NATO was always at, had an anchor. Remember we talked about anchors? The anchor in NATO was America's protection of European security. What you're seeing when President Trump creates a problem, a catastrophe the, for the world, and says he won't send American, uh, forces into the Strait of Hormuz, but he wants the Europeans to send their forces into the Strait of Hormuz, this is the opposite of protection. He's making NATO countries or European countries vulnerable, and they're reacting to that by saying, "We won't do it."
8. SBSteven Bartlett
  According to diplomats, NATO secretary briefed member capitals today that Trump is demanding concrete commitments within the next few days from NATO to help to secure the Strait of Hormuz.
9. RPRobert Pape
  Which would only make sense if you were doing phase three, the ground operation. So you cannot secure the Strait of Hormuz only with air power. We, if we could, we already would. You can't secure it only with naval power. If you could, we already would. We have a much bigger navy, much bigger air forces than any of those countries individually or even combined. The only reason-You would really want those, uh, forces from NATO is, uh, because you're planning on a bigger ground operation, and you're-- that's what you're seeing right there. And I don't think Europeans, let's not even talk about the word NATO, I don't think the Europeans are likely to do it because you're seeing why would they... If they're ever gonna do it, Steven, they would want Trump out of office. The number one thing that I don't think is gonna happen here is anybody's gonna bail out Trump.
10. SBSteven Bartlett
  It's political suicide really for a lot of the European leaders. In fact-
11. RPRobert Pape
  It's political suicide-
12. SBSteven Bartlett
  We're seeing in the UK-
13. RPRobert Pape
  ... for the Democrats to bail out Trump in our country. It's gonna start to become political suicide for even Republicans to bail out Trump. That's what you're gonna start to see in the fall, and it's gonna be political suicide for the Japanese, for the Indians. This is the problem. Trump caused the problem. He's, as I said on your show last time, he's gonna become LBJ if he doesn't, uh, take a deal soon. Well, that was forty days ago, Steven, and he still hasn't taken the deal. Not really. And he's becoming LBJ. Nobody's gonna wanna be associated with him.
14. SBSteven Bartlett
  Here in the UK, we have Keir Starmer as the Prime Minister, and it appears to me that since he's come out and started saying that he won't support Trump's war, he-- we won't send troops to the Middle East, it appears that that's actually driven up his favorability amongst certain people. And it makes me think that actually, as we say, it's, it's political suicide for European leaders to send troops there because they will be-- they will lose the next election in their country.
15. RPRobert Pape
  I, I think you put it exact- j-- excellent, Steven. I, I really can't improve on that. Let me just say that a year ago, with the tariffs, um, I started to do a study of tracking how European support for America was starting to go into the tank, and that was, uh, with tariffs. Now, what Trump has done is he's driven up the price of oil. He's hurting their economies in a serious way. And as that actual damage occurs, and it's still in the pipeline, it hasn't hit as strong as it likely will in the next month, you are likely gonna see that the publics in Europe are gonna become anti-American. And it's not just gonna be can't support Trump anymore. Coming here, I had to pay the, the visa, the ETA, and it, it took forever. And what's happening here? We're getting some payback here [chuckles] on Americans. I think this, uh, next, next time I come to London, I'm not gonna be surprised that the price of that visa is doubling or tripling.
1:28:27 – 1:36:47
What Can The Average Person Do?
1. SBSteven Bartlett
  What is your closing high-level remark about all this stuff? And I guess I really wanna focus it on, on the average person who is going about their life as a normal civilian in any of these countries that are affected. What is the high-level point of view here that we need to close upon?
2. RPRobert Pape
  The high-level point of view is we're about to start think, think seriously about the election. And what we need to do is not just choose, but bounce back and forth between a Republican and Democrat. And actually, Britain is a, is a case study of what can happen if you bounce back and forth here. We need to start to really support strong, stable policies that m-- will empower the middle. The problem that we face, Steven, is we're moving back and forth from really, uh, ideas here that, uh, one year we, we really don't like what Biden's doing, and now we have the radical wing on the other side, and we certainly don't like that. Well, if we keep going back and forth here between two, uh, extreme alternatives, we'll just get different versions of bad outcomes. And it's not making things better. It's a cycle that's making it worse.
3. SBSteven Bartlett
  So what's the solution?
4. RPRobert Pape
  The solution is the public needs to hear that every election, every choice, we are, uh, we have an opportunity here to focus on the more centrist candidates. And this is something that we really can make decisions about. And it's just simply the case that if we don't do that, what you're gonna get is you're gonna get back-and-forth bouncing around. And I don't think a third party here, these ideas are really very meaningful. This really comes down to talking to the public, and it's one of the big reasons, Steven, I'm going to the podcast world because, uh, uh, remember I s- I've advised every White House and so forth and so on. We've got to get beyond that. We've got to actually talk to real people, and this is what you do, and increasingly I'm doing it. And I really believe that the podcast network is an opportunity to do that, but it doesn't mean that it m- forces people to vote Democrat or Republican. We've got to understand that we, we can't just keep thinking about, uh, "Well, okay, now we're really mad at Donald Trump, and we're gonna get the independents, and now they're gonna vote with the Democrats," if all we do is end up getting another extreme on the other side. Because what you're gonna do is you're gonna keep pissing off the middle, and they're gonna keep bouncing back and forth. And round after round, we've been doing that now, um, for years in the United States. And what does it look like? It keeps getting worse.
5. SBSteven Bartlett
  So specifically-
6. RPRobert Pape
  It keeps getting worse
7. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... what are you suggesting the solution is? Vote for the centrist candidate?
8. RPRobert Pape
  All the way through.
9. SBSteven Bartlett
  Okay.
10. RPRobert Pape
  Yes. Yes. It's a very simple thing, but it's not gonna happen unless we talk about this because it does mean that sometimes the centrist candidate is the person, the woman on the other side. And if we're not willing to do that, then we're really condemning ourselves to this cycle. I'm gonna explain more about it. It's, it's a version of the escalation trap gone domestic. It's called the legitimacy shock cycle, and I'll be talking more about this in September. So the trap I'm talking about here with violence and politics isn't just international, and you end up with traps here domestically as well.
11. SBSteven Bartlett
  And I'd like to close with a few thoughts for the people in Iran. I think ever since I've put myself mentally, um, in a situation where there was a world leader saying that they were gonna annihilate my civilization and there was bombs going off. You know, we're currently filming this in our London studio, but if there was bombs going off around the studio and there was threat that someone was gonna annihilate civilization, it's, it's quite unthinkable for me how I would fu- I would be functioning.
12. RPRobert Pape
  Yes.
13. SBSteven Bartlett
  And it immediately, I think, shines a light on the, the mental health and psychology of the people in Iran right now and how they must be feeling. So I think that's probably an important message to share 'cause we can sometimes get a little bit caught up in the hypotheticals of war and strategy and all these kinds of things. But at the end of the day, there's 19 plus million people in Iran that are right in the middle of this, and we, we're sat in this very warm, cushy London studio. So I just want to acknowledge that.
14. RPRobert Pape
  Well, there's a bond that is occurring between the middle 60% of the American public and the 92 million in Iran.
15. SBSteven Bartlett
  Yeah.
16. RPRobert Pape
  They don't like the radicalism and on, on either side. And what you were, what you were vocalizing, Steven, is the frustration that our politics has been locked up by the extremes, and I suspect the 92 million in Iran are feeling almost exactly the same thing. Their choices now are being locked into extremes, and that is that bond here that you're trying to vocalize. I believe it's valuable to vocalize it because this is what it means to empower the people, and this is what it means to be a democracy, which is that we actually talk about not just the other side is bad and we're always good, is we, we talk about where the future really should go. And the idea that we're even imagining the possibility of a $40 trillion in debt country getting rocked by, um, Iran and Russia here, who have their own reasons for wanting to hurt us. We may not fully realize that, but, but we really hurt Russia in the '90s here with our ideas of shock therapy, and we may not like bandits, by the way. Uh, so the, the, we, we really do have some, uh, real growing bonds at the social level.
17. SBSteven Bartlett
  Professor Robert Pape, thank you so much. It's a pleasure to speak to you once again, and, uh, this is such an evolving situation, so I feel like we might end up talking again at some point in the future when things play out. Hopefully, you know, one can only hope, uh, for peace for, for everybody involved in this situation.
18. RPRobert Pape
  Oh my gosh, every day. That's my number one thing. Just ask my wife. And by the way, will you stop being so charismatic? Because my wife-
19. SBSteven Bartlett
  That's super funny
20. RPRobert Pape
  ... when we listen to this, she turns my voice off.
21. SBSteven Bartlett
  That's super funny.
22. RPRobert Pape
  All she wants to do, Steven, is listen to you.
23. SBSteven Bartlett
  It's very sweet. Is she American? I think Americans like British accents.
24. RPRobert Pape
  She's like, "I'm just..." [laughs] You have, you, and you've made me up my game. [laughs]
25. SBSteven Bartlett
  That's so funny. Well, thank you so much for your time and, uh, you've put a lot of time into explaining this to layman's like me, and it's really helped turn the, the lights on to some degree. I'll, I'll be honest, it's turned the lights on, and with the lights on, I am confused. I'm confused about which path is productive and most beneficial to society and humanity. And even though I can see more clearly now about the dynamics of all of these potential pathways, none of them seem that great. So that's where I'm gonna leave it for today. But we'll pick up this conversation again soon-
26. RPRobert Pape
  Yep
27. SBSteven Bartlett
  ... when more information comes in.
28. RPRobert Pape
  That's right. And let's hope it's not as much as a trap as, as I'm, as I'm painting it, but if it is, then it's really even more important that when we get to the fall, we don't mislead ourselves into, into thinking that this is just, um, temporary, that it's all gonna be solved quickly. We need to understand that we're going down some major, major roads here, and this situation, as bad as it is, notice that it's actually worse than it was a month ago when we were here.
29. SBSteven Bartlett
  Mm-hmm.
30. RPRobert Pape
  It's worse, Steven. And the reason it's worse is we didn't head it off enough at the pass. 40-- When we, when I was here four weeks ago, if President Trump had taken some of the deals that we were talking about then, we wouldn't be anywhere near where we are today. So as bad as that negotiating position, I'm say, of con- militarily containment of, of Israel, I realize people are saying, "Oh my God, could never happen." Well, think about the things that could never happen that are happening right now. This is the better pathway now, and if we don't take this pathway now, we come back in a month or two, it will be worse.

Episode duration: 1:36:48

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Intro

20 Years Of War Games Predicted This Conflict

Bombing Iran’s Nuclear Sites Might Backfire

How US Pressure Strengthened Iran

Iran’s Hidden Power Structure Revealed

The Final Stage Of The Escalation Trap

Iran As The Fourth Global Power Center

What Happens Next If No One Backs Down

Iran Has Been Seriously Underestimated

Is US Intelligence Reliant On Israel?

What If This Turns Into A Ground War

A Civilization Could Die Tonight

What This War Means For Ordinary Iranians

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Is The US Locked Into A Long War?

Iran’s 10-Point Plan Explained

The Shifting Global Power Balance

Why US Oil Prices Are Rising

If You Were Trump: What Would You Do?

If Israel Joins The Nuclear Treaty

What Experts Think Happens Next

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What Iran Would Do With Nuclear Weapons

Has Trump Lost Control?

What This Means For Europe

What Can The Average Person Do?

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