Hamel Husain & Shreya Shankar: How notes turn into AI evals

ℹ️ EPISODE INFO

Released

September 25, 2025

Duration

1h 46m

Channel

Lenny's Podcast

Watch on YouTube

▶ Open ↗

📝 EPISODE DESCRIPTION

Hamel Husain and Shreya Shankar teach the world’s most popular course on AI evals and have trained over 2,000 PMs and engineers (including many teams at OpenAI and Anthropic). In this conversation, they demystify the process of developing effective evals, walk through real examples, and share practical techniques that’ll help you improve your AI product. *What you’ll learn:*

1. WTF evals are
2. Why they’ve become the most important new skill for AI product builders
3. A step-by-step walkthrough of how to create an effective eval
4. A deep dive into error analysis, open coding, and axial coding
5. Code-based evals vs. LLM-as-judge
6. The most common pitfalls and how to avoid them
7. Practical tips for implementing evals with minimal time investment (30 minutes per week after initial setup)
8. Insight into the debate between “vibes” and systematic evals

*Brought to you by:* Fin—The #1 AI agent for customer service: https://fin.ai/lenny Dscout—The UX platform to capture insights at every stage: from ideation to production: https://www.dscout.com/ Mercury—The art of simplified finances: https://mercury.com/ *Transcript:* https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/why-ai-evals-are-the-hottest-new-skill *My biggest takeaways (for paid newsletter subscribers):* https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/i/173871171/my-biggest-takeaways-from-this-conversation *Where to find Shreya Shankar*

• X: https://x.com/sh_reya
• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/shrshnk/
• Website: https://www.sh-reya.com/
• Maven course: https://bit.ly/4myp27m

*Where to find Hamel Husain*

• X: https://x.com/HamelHusain
• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/hamelhusain/
• Website: https://hamel.dev/
• Maven course: https://bit.ly/4myp27m

*Where to find Lenny:*

• Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com
• X: https://twitter.com/lennysan
• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/

*In this episode, we cover:* (00:00) Introduction to Hamel and Shreya (04:57) What are evals? (09:56) Demo: Examining real traces from a property management AI assistant (16:51) Writing notes on errors (23:54) Why LLMs can’t replace humans in the initial error analysis (25:16) The concept of a “benevolent dictator” in the eval process (28:07) Theoretical saturation: when to stop (31:39) Using axial codes to help categorize and synthesize error notes (44:39) The results (46:06) Building an LLM-as-judge to evaluate specific failure modes (48:31) The difference between code-based evals and LLM-as-judge (52:10) Example: LLM-as-judge (54:45) Testing your LLM judge against human judgment (01:00:51) Why evals are the new PRDs for AI products (01:05:09) How many evals you actually need (01:07:41) What comes after evals (01:09:57) The great evals debate (1:15:15) Why dogfooding isn’t enough for most AI products (01:18:23) OpenAI’s Statsig acquisition (1:23:02) The Claude Code controversy and the importance of context (01:24:13) Common misconceptions around evals (1:22:28) Tips and tricks for implementing evals effectively (1:30:37) The time investment (1:33:38) Overview of their comprehensive evals course (1:37:57) Lightning round and final thoughts *LLM Log Open Codes Analysis Prompt:* _Please analyze the following CSV file. There is a metadata field which has an nested field called z_note that contains open codes for analysis of LLM logs that we are conducting. Please extract all of the different open codes. From the _note field, propose 5-6 categories that we can create axial codes from._ *Referenced:*

• Building eval systems that improve your AI product: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/building-eval-systems-that-improve
• Mercor: https://mercor.com/
• Brendan Foody on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/brendan-foody-2995ab10b
• Nurture Boss: https://nurtureboss.io/
• Braintrust: https://www.braintrust.dev/
• Andrew Ng on X: https://x.com/andrewyng
• Carrying Out Error Analysis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JoAxZsdw_3w
• Julius AI: https://julius.ai/
• Brendan Foody on X—“evals are the new PRDs”: https://x.com/BrendanFoody/status/1939764763485171948

...References continued at: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/why-ai-evals-are-the-hottest-new-skill *Recommended books:*

• Pachinko: https://www.amazon.com/Pachinko-National-Book-Award-Finalist/dp/1455563935
• Apple in China: The Capture of the World’s Greatest Company: https://www.amazon.com/Apple-China-Capture-Greatest-Company/dp/1668053373/
• Machine Learning: https://www.amazon.com/Machine-Learning-Tom-M-Mitchell/dp/1259096955
• Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach: https://www.amazon.com/Artificial-Intelligence-Modern-Approach-Global/dp/1292401133/

_Production and marketing by https://penname.co/._ _For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@lennyrachitsky.com._ Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed.

🎤 SPEAKERS

• Lenny Rachitsky

  host

• Hamel Husain

  guest

• Narrator

  other

• Shreya Shankar

  guest

🧾 EPISODE SUMMARY

In this episode of Lenny's Podcast, featuring Lenny Rachitsky and Hamel Husain, Hamel Husain & Shreya Shankar: How notes turn into AI evals explores aI evals: The new must-have superpower for serious product builders The episode argues that systematic AI evals—structured ways to measure and improve LLM applications—are becoming a core skill for PMs and engineers, comparable to knowing how to write PRDs or run A/B tests.

🔗 RELATED EPISODES

How to build a company that withstands any era | Eric Ries, Lean Startup author

Head of Claude Code: What happens after coding is solved | Boris Cherny

Building product at Stripe: craft, metrics, and customer obsession | Jeff Weinstein (Product lead)

Building a world-class data org | Jessica Lachs (VP of Analytics and Data Science at DoorDash)

What most people miss about marketing | Rory Sutherland (Vice Chairman of Ogilvy UK, author)

5 essential questions to craft a winning strategy | Roger Martin (author, advisor, speaker)