Skip to content
Huberman LabHuberman Lab

The Biology of Social Interactions & Emotions | Dr. Kay Tye

In this episode, my guest is Dr. Kay Tye, PhD, Professor of Systems Neurobiology at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Investigator. We discuss the neural circuit basis of social interactions and loneliness. We also discuss how animals and people establish themselves in a group hierarchy by rank and how the brain responds to dominance and subordination. Much of our discussion relates to how social media impacts our sense of social connectedness or lack thereof. The topics covered in this episode are directly relevant to anyone interested in the neuroscience of mental health, work-life balance, abundance versus scarcity mindset, and interpersonal dynamics. Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman Levels: https://levels.link/huberman LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/huberman InsideTracker: https://insidetracker.com/huberman Momentous: https://livemomentous.com/huberman Huberman Lab Social & Website Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/hubermanlab Threads: https://www.threads.net/@hubermanlab Twitter: https://twitter.com/hubermanlab Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/hubermanlab TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@hubermanlab LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrew-huberman Website: https://www.hubermanlab.com Newsletter: https://www.hubermanlab.com/newsletter Dr. Kay Tye Academic profile: https://www.salk.edu/scientist/kay-tye Lab website: https://tyelab.org HHMI profile: https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/kay-tye Publications: https://tyelab.org/publications TED talk: https://www.ted.com/speakers/kay_tye X: https://twitter.com/kaymtye Journal Articles Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental area: https://go.nature.com/3ubT3nT Extraneous factors in judicial decisions: https://bit.ly/3SLZiqL Total social isolation in monkeys: https://bit.ly/4bmL1Jo Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Represent the Experience of Social Isolation: https://bit.ly/4bAKtjk Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis: https://bit.ly/3OvNGXp The neural circuitry of social homeostasis: Consequences of acute versus chronic social isolation: https://bit.ly/48WjRYa Cortical ensembles orchestrate social competition through hypothalamic outputs: https://go.nature.com/4bmL73I Other Resources The Eisenhower Matrix: How to prioritize your to-do list: https://asana.com/resources/eisenhower-matrix Chimp Empire (Netflix series): https://www.netflix.com/title/81311783 Advice for a Young Investigator: https://amzn.to/3HO6tJU NIH Human Connectome Project (HCP): https://neuroscienceblueprint.nih.gov/human-connectome/connectome-programs People Mentioned S.M.: patient with bilateral amygdala damage: https://w.wiki/5N3g Harry Harlow: Psychologist, known for his social isolation experiments in monkeys: https://w.wiki/9562 Markus Meister: Professor of Biological Science at Caltech: https://bit.ly/3Osn3Ta Ben Barres: Neuroscientist at Stanford: https://stan.md/3HMBxtl Timestamps 00:00:00 Dr. Kay Tye 00:02:39 Sponsors: Eight Sleep, Levels & LMNT 00:06:40 Amygdala; “Valence” 00:12:43 Novelty; Reward & Punishment Response 00:20:06 Amygdala & Hunger; Social Interaction 00:26:21 Social Media & Social Connection; Tool: Email & Time Management 00:35:03 Sponsor: AG1 00:36:30 Social Media; Friction & Feedback, Leadership 00:43:44 Social Isolation, Harlow Experiments, “Loneliness Neurons” 00:51:47 Social Homeostasis, COVID-19 Pandemic & Loneliness 01:01:29 Quality of Social Contact, Social Homeostasis, Social Media 01:08:40 Sponsor: InsideTracker 01:09:42 Social Media, Relationships; Social Isolation & Exclusion 01:18:26 Empathy: Friend vs. Foe 01:28:40 Background & Empathy, Diversity, Emotional Regulation 01:34:34 Abundance vs. Scarcity Mindset 01:37:22 Social Rank & Hierarchy, Sibling Order, Development 01:45:54 Dynamic Hierarchy; Dominants vs. Subordinates; Mentors 01:55:32 Psychedelics: Research & Mechanisms; Psilocybin 02:06:28 Work-Life Balance, Fitness & Extracurriculars 02:11:56 Personal Life, Diversity, Happiness; Typical Day 02:15:42 Science & Academia; Future Directions 02:23:48 Research & Science Outreach 02:28:48 Zero-Cost Support, Spotify & Apple Reviews, YouTube Feedback, Sponsors, Momentous, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter #HubermanLab #Science #Emotions Title Card Photo Credit: Mike Blabac - https://www.blabacphoto.com Disclaimer: https://www.hubermanlab.com/disclaimer

Andrew HubermanhostKay Tyeguest
Feb 5, 20242h 31mWatch on YouTube ↗

CHAPTERS

  1. 10:00 – 29:40

    Redefining the Amygdala: Beyond a Simple Fear Center

    Huberman introduces Tye’s work overturning the simplistic “amygdala equals fear” narrative. Tye explains that the amygdala, especially the basolateral complex, encodes emotional valence—both positive and negative—and helps filter which stimuli are meaningful. They discuss novelty responses, habituation, and how the amygdala fits into broader models of emotional evaluation.

  2. 29:40 – 43:25

    Body Signals, Autonomic Arousal, and Reweighting Emotional Priorities

    The discussion moves to how the amygdala interacts with body states and autonomic responses. Using examples like hunger and the “hangry judge” study, Tye explains how internal signals can rebalance fear vs. reward priorities in the amygdala, changing behavior in context-dependent ways.

  3. 43:25 – 1:11:40

    Social Media, Top-Down Control, and Protecting Cognitive Bandwidth

    Huberman and Tye examine social media through a circuit-level lens and discuss Tye’s extreme constraints on email and social media use. She emphasizes top-down control over incoming stimuli as critical for creativity and mental health, while still valuing anonymous feedback that social media can provide.

  4. 1:11:40 – 1:33:20

    Isolation, Harry Harlow, and the Accidental Discovery of Loneliness Neurons

    Tye recounts how her lab stumbled onto social isolation as a research focus when a saline control group showed unexpected synaptic potentiation. This led to identifying dorsal raphe dopamine neurons that encode social deprivation—cells that feel aversive when stimulated but drive social seeking, analogous to hunger circuits.

  5. 1:33:20 – 1:55:00

    Social Homeostasis: How the Brain Recalibrates to Lonely or Crowded Lives

    The conversation develops the concept of social homeostasis, using both pandemic experiences and cross-species behavior. Tye distinguishes between the initial deficit-detection phase of loneliness and a later adaptation to chronic isolation, highlighting the clinical importance of knowing which phase drives health harms.

  6. 1:55:00 – 2:16:40

    Quality vs. Quantity of Social Contact and the Limits of Social Media

    Huberman and Tye unpack the “social nourishment” concept, emphasizing synchronous interaction, mutual investment, and identity context as key ingredients missing from most social media. They speculate on how different formats (text, calls, video, in-person) might differentially engage social circuits and neurochemistry.

  7. 2:16:40 – 2:30:00

    Social Exclusion, FOMO, and New Paradigms for Measuring Social Pain

    Tye describes her lab’s efforts to build ethologically grounded paradigms for exclusion and loneliness, such as a ‘chocolate milkshake exclusion’ task in mice. They aim to quantify subtle behaviors and neural signatures when an animal is physically present with peers but socially left out.

  8. 2:30:00 – 2:47:20

    Abundance, Scarcity, and How Experience Shapes Empathy and Competition

    The discussion broadens to how experiential statistics—life histories of scarcity or abundance—shape whether others are perceived as allies or adversaries. Using anecdotes about food, kids from deprived environments, and dogs guarding toys, they explore how comparison and status processing are deeply wired yet context-dependent.

  9. 2:47:20 – 3:02:00

    Neural Bases of Social Rank and Predicting Winners Before the Contest

    Tye details experiments where mice form linear hierarchies and compete for access to a reward. By recording prefrontal cortex activity, her team decodes both stable rank and moment-to-moment competitive success probabilities, revealing different strategies used by dominants and subordinates.

  10. 3:02:00 – 3:18:00

    Psychedelics, Hidden Brain States, and Self–Other Representations

    The conversation turns to psychedelics as tools to probe fundamental questions about hallucinations, mood states, and self–other boundaries. Tye describes using Neuropixels recordings and Hidden Markov Models under psilocybin to examine how internal brain state landscapes and transitions may be altered in ways that could underlie clinical benefits.

  11. 3:18:00 – 3:31:00

    Work–Life Balance, Surfing, and Designing a Sustainable Scientific Life

    Huberman asks about Tye’s personal routines and her unusual path through yoga, breakdancing, and now surfing. She argues that maintaining a full, multi-dimensional life isn’t a distraction from science but a requirement for long-term creativity and stability, and she describes a typical day that integrates intense lab work with family and outdoor time.

  12. 3:31:00

    Reimagining Academic Culture: From Elitism to Sustainable Ecosystems

    In the final segment, Tye discusses her efforts to reform academic culture, including writing a modern counterpart to Cajal’s ‘Advice for a Young Investigator.’ She highlights structural issues like rigid hierarchies and sexual misconduct, arguing for more sustainable, less elitist systems that retain talent and diversify pathways into research.

Get more out of YouTube videos.

High quality summaries for YouTube videos. Accurate transcripts to search & find moments. Powered by ChatGPT & Claude AI.

Add to Chrome