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YC Root AccessCreating A New Universal Standard For Refueling Spacecraft
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25 min read · 4,951 words- 0:00 – 3:36
Why Spacecraft Need In-Space Refueling
- SPSpeaker
[upbeat music] Today I'm joined by Ashi and Reza, the founders of Spaceium from YC Summer 2024 batch. Spaceium builds fully automated refueling stations in orbit, so a spacecraft docks, refuels, and leaves with no humans in the loop. And today they're announcing something I haven't seen a space company do before. It's called OpenPort, and it's the first open-standard refueling interface for spacecraft. What's unique about this is that they're releasing the design so that any space company can buy the license for $1 and build it themselves. Ashi, Reza, welcome. Um, Ashi, in one sentence, what does Spaceium do?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Spaceium is building a network of in-space refueling stations, so think of us like a service station here on Earth, but in space for spacecraft. Because space industry is really inefficient right now because all spacecraft launch with all the fuel they ever need for the whole mission. So as a result, they can't go further, um, they can't change, um, they can't carry more payload, basically, and they discard the whole spacecraft after. So that's what we are changing.
- SPSpeaker
What, what happens today when a spacecraft runs out of fuel? It, it gets discarded? Tell us a little bit more about that.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Yeah. Uh, it just gets discarded. So they run out of fuel, and the hardware works perfectly. The whole spacecraft, most of the time, works perfectly, and they discard the whole spacecraft just because they don't have enough fuel to do the rest of the mission. Because they only carry as much as they need for the first part of the mission, and they can't continue doing that because now they don't have enough fuel, so they discard it. And if you think about it, it's such an inefficient way. We don't throw away a car just by going from one city to the other just because we ran out of fuel.
- SPSpeaker
Hmm.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
But that's what we do in space.
- SPSpeaker
And, and these spacecraft cost hundreds of millions of dollars, right?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Yep, they do cost hundreds of millions of dollars, and most of the time we also have really long lead times for manufacturing, so it's just not money, it's also time, and you can't get a spacecraft up and running as soon as the-
- SPSpeaker
Hmm
- ADAshi Dissanayake
... old spacecraft ra- run out of fuel.
- SPSpeaker
Tell us a little bit, um, I think there's many different types of missions that people are doing in space. What are the types that need in-orbit refueling first or that need it the most?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Our initial customers are orbital transfer vehicles, so the, those are the customers that take payloads from one place to the other. They, they deploy satellites in orbit. So those are our initial customers. And also we are getting a lot of interest from moon missions, uh, customers-
- SPSpeaker
Hmm
- ADAshi Dissanayake
... who's focusing on moon missions because we are really trying to go to the moon. So those are our initial customers. And then also we are talking to launch vehicles as well as geo birds. So there's a wide range of customers that can really benefit from refueling.
- SPSpeaker
Hmm. Certainly this can't be a brand-new idea. I mean, this has been part of, I'm sure, science fiction for, you know, decades and decades. Why hasn't anyone tried this before? What's the prior art on prior attempts of this?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Because there's really no standardization to transfer fuel in orbit. So all spacecraft have a valve that we transfer fuel on Earth, but once you go to space, that valve doesn't work anymore. So you transfer fuel on Earth, and you go to orbit, and that valve is basically useless because you, you never transfer fuel through that valve. So that's what we are changing. And that's where the OpenPort comes in because we, with OpenPort, we can transfer fuel on Earth, which replaces the valve that's already on board, and also the same OpenPort can transfer fuel in orbit.
- 3:36 – 7:07
How OpenPort Works
- SPSpeaker
Um, can you tell us a little bit more technical detail about what you're standardizing now with this new OpenPort product?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
We are standardizing, uh, technical details, uh, technical drawings, as well as part of the software. So any other customer can get those drawings and then build it themselves. So it just really makes it really easy for our customers who has a really large fleet of spacecraft. Because if they only have one spacecraft, they can get the port from us because the port literally comes for free when they-
- SPSpeaker
Mm-hmm
- ADAshi Dissanayake
... buy fuel from us.
- SPSpeaker
Mm-hmm.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
But there are some customers who has a really large fleet, and they just wanna buy the license and build it themselves a- whenever they want.
- SPSpeaker
Yeah. Um, and so o- one thing that might not be super clear to everyone that's gonna watch this video is why it would be really imp- why people wouldn't just build their own port over and over again. But one thing I've learned from working with you guys is that no one wants to put something on a spacecraft that hasn't already been to space and been tested. Um, so tell us a little bit about how you've been thinking about getting your OpenPort, um, ready for everyone else to put on their spacecraft.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Yeah. So, uh, as you can see, OpenPort here. So we have already tested it on ground multiple times. So we have tested it, and then it's actually going to space, uh, in 2027, uh, Q2 of 2027, and it'll be docked outside ISS. So it'll be do- it'll be docked outside ISS, and we are doing a xenon transfer in orbit. And that's the first time ever in the human history that we are transferring xenon in orbit, and we are using the OpenPort. And that's gonna really change the whole space industry because now people have a piece of hardware that's been tested in orbit and transferred fuel through it, and now they have this piece of hardware that they can just, uh, put into the spacecraft.
- SPSpeaker
Reza, let's look at this. Could you bring it out where we can take a look?
- RFReza Fetanat
Yeah.
- SPSpeaker
What are we looking at here? And can you tell us a little bit about how it works?
- RFReza Fetanat
Yeah. So this is OpenPort. Um, this is what spacecraft will have on board to give fuel as well as give fuel. So the first contact happens through the probe and drogue here, and after the both spacecraft come together, there's gonna be hard locking through these features here. And then the fuel actually gets transferred through the valves here.
- SPSpeaker
Mm-hmm.
- RFReza Fetanat
And yeah, this is OpenPort.
- SPSpeaker
Um, and tell us a little bit about what features you've put into this that are new and novel.
- RFReza Fetanat
Yeah. So there are a couple of things. One is the pressure range at which it, it operates. Um, another one is this-
- SPSpeaker
And, and why does that matter? Why do we need more pressure?
- RFReza Fetanat
So some of the fuels, um- That people use. I mean, you have different type, but like xenon, um, that a lot of our customers are asking for, um, is best to operate at a higher pressure.
- SPSpeaker
Yeah.
- RFReza Fetanat
So we are using... We kind of design it for really high pressure, um, because of that reason. And another thing that we put into it, which was really hard, was the misalignment. Um, so two spacecraft could be really misaligned, and OpenPort still could make them dock together and transfer fuel. And that was another one. And the last piece is the androgynicity, which means both sides is the same. So one spacecraft could both give fuel as well as get fuel.
- SPSpeaker
Mm-hmm. Do you guys think that that might happen in the future, where some spacecraft are... They receive some fuel, but then they're also giving fuel to others in orbit?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Oh, yes. Of course. We have customers who's asking to get fuel from us, but they wanna transfer fuel between their own fleet.
- SPSpeaker
I see.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
So they can have two OpenPorts, and they can just transfer fuel in between their spacecraft, and we'll be the ones that's-
- SPSpeaker
Hmm
- ADAshi Dissanayake
... storing up to m- multiple metric tons of fuel. Whenever they wanna get, they get to one spacecraft, and they transfer between the, between their fleet.
- SPSpeaker
Got it. And so that's why it's really important that this has androgynicity.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Correct.
- 7:07 – 10:17
Why They’re Licensing OpenPort for $1
- SPSpeaker
Okay. Understood. Understood. Now, Ashi, I think one part people will find surprising is that you're a hardware company. You're building parts for spacecraft. And, uh, you've built this, but you're gonna open source it and open... What does that mean, and, and why would you do such a thing?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Um, so when we started YC, when we started Spaceium, we are a refueling company, and we sell fuel as a service. Our core business is not to sell refueling interfaces, but our core business is to give people fuel, give spacecraft fuel, so we can increase this whole space economy. But we couldn't do that without a standardized interface that we... Like, we came to this bottleneck again because there was nothing that we can transfer fuel to, through, to our customers. So that's why we decide, okay, we are gonna build OpenPort, and we are gonna give it to our customers, and we are gonna open, open... It's-
- SPSpeaker
Hmm
- ADAshi Dissanayake
... gonna be an open standard.
- SPSpeaker
So what I'm hearing is another type of company might just build this as a product, but your goal is actually to sell missions where, you know... How, how much, like how, how... What's the fuel quantities we're talking about here?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Oh, we can store anywhere between 2,500, uh, kilograms, like 30,000 kilograms-
- SPSpeaker
Okay
- ADAshi Dissanayake
... of fuel. So there's a huge range of customers.
- SPSpeaker
Okay, so tons of fuel, and, and, uh, you, you bring it up and make it available to folks.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Correct. And-
- SPSpeaker
And, and so you need this to make that happen.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Mm-hmm.
- SPSpeaker
And the fact that there is no this-
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Yeah
- SPSpeaker
... was standing in the way.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Correct.
- SPSpeaker
What exactly are you opening up? What are you open sourcing? What are you sharing?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
We are sharing the technical drawings as well as part of the software. So once they have the technical drawings, they can go to their manufacturers. They can manufacture it in-house, and they can have OpenPort.
- SPSpeaker
Okay. And so the license costs $1?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Correct. One license just cost $1.
- SPSpeaker
And why'd ya... Where, where did the $1 price come from?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Uh, $1 price actually came from, uh... During our office hours, we were-
- SPSpeaker
[laughs]
- ADAshi Dissanayake
... talking about it, and it was, uh... We want customers to go through us to get that license.
- SPSpeaker
Yep.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
So that's why we put this-
- SPSpeaker
Got it
- ADAshi Dissanayake
... price point of $1.
- SPSpeaker
Okay. What's the reaction been so far as you've been kind of so- I assume you've been socializing this, sharing this with potential customers, telling them about the plan. What have you heard so far?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Surprisingly, it has been amazing. Everybody from commercial to government have been loving our open, uh, licensing idea for-
- 10:17 – 13:52
From First Flight to a Refueling Station
- ADAshi Dissanayake
[laughs]
- SPSpeaker
[laughs] Amazing. The gauntlet has been dropped.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
[laughs]
- SPSpeaker
Um, uh, Reza, you guys have actually done some missions and put hardware in space.
- RFReza Fetanat
Yeah.
- SPSpeaker
Te- tell, tell us, tell me about it. Tell us about it.
- RFReza Fetanat
So, you know, our first mission flew last November. Um, we put up, um, actuators for our robotics, so we built our robotic, um, arm in-house as well. So we put them up there, um, in space, and they became the most, um, accurate robotic actuator ever been to space. Order of magnitudes better. And we're actually beating our own record in the second mission. [laughs]
- SPSpeaker
And what did it do? What did, what, what did it do while it was up there?
- RFReza Fetanat
Um, so basically we tested every system from our avionics to the movement of the actuator-
- SPSpeaker
Mm-hmm
- RFReza Fetanat
... and to our thermal system. So we tested every single system, and that was part of a plan. So we methodically, between each mission, we add more risks to it for us to de-risk it and then move forward. And in the end, we'll have a full station, which I will get to. Um, second mission, like Ashi said, we are going to ISS, outside of ISS, and we are transferring xenon. And it's gonna be the first in industry, so we're quite excited about that. And third mission, which is a big one, is actually our first station. Um, we are-
- SPSpeaker
Mm
- RFReza Fetanat
... sending a full-on refueling station up there, and we are refueling, um, our customer. And it's already fully sold, and sold out, and we're really excited about it.
- SPSpeaker
And when does that one go up?
- RFReza Fetanat
Oh, and that one will go up mid-2028. And the launch is already booked and confirmed, and we're working hard towards it, and it's scary, but it's great.
- SPSpeaker
[laughs] Awesome. Amazing. Okay. So you've done the one mission, and now you have these other two that are coming up.
- RFReza Fetanat
Yeah.
- SPSpeaker
One next year, one the year after. Reza, you shared that you took an engineering model to Houston to do a fit check with ISS.
- RFReza Fetanat
Yeah.
- SPSpeaker
Um, how did that go?
- RFReza Fetanat
It was great. Um, we ended up doing a lot of testing, and the testing went well, better than we thought it would, and which is surprising. That usually doesn't happen. For an example, the preparation for the first mission, everything went wrong for it.
- SPSpeaker
Hmm.
- RFReza Fetanat
So we, every test we wanted to, it like, boom, failure, failure, failure. The mission was a success, but the preparation wasn't And so we, we realized, okay, we learn a bunch of stuff from that mission and we implemented those into the second mission, so stuff, stuff are going a lot smoother.
- SPSpeaker
Great. One thing I've been wondering about, Ashi, and maybe people at home are wondering this, too, why xenon? Like, uh, tell us a little bit about the, why that, uh, for the fuel and, like, just in general what people use to fuel spacecraft.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Yeah, that's a really good question. So why xenon is because we are listening to our customers, which is, which is something that usually doesn't happen in the space industry. People usually build hardware without listening to customers, but something that we learned during YC, always listen to your customers. Because when we first started Spaceium, we were building refueling architecture for cryogenic fuel, which is really, really cold fuel, which we are still working on. But when we talked to our customers over the last two years, in the beginning, they wanted to use xenon to refuel their spacecraft. So that's why we decided to do xenon be- in the beginning. So, uh, so we will be doing xenon and then for the, our customers who's doing moon missions, they're mostly focusing on cryogenic fuels.
- SPSpeaker
See.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
So it's, it's xenon, the cryogenics, and our port works with multiple types anyways.
- SPSpeaker
And, and what are cryogenic fuels?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Cryogenic fuels are the really cold fuels, like liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen, and they have to be stored at really cold temperatures.
- SPSpeaker
Mm.
- 13:52 – 17:11
Building Space Hardware Like a Software Startup
- ADAshi Dissanayake
who has done that.
- SPSpeaker
Awesome. Amazing. You know, guys, one of the things that has always impressed me so much about you is how much you've wanted to run your space company, which is, you know, just a euphemism for all sorts of things. There's all sorts of things that are space companies these days. But have wanted to run your space company very much like a software company, and one of the reasons I was excited to talk to you about OpenPort is because we've seen so many times, uh, with YC companies over the years that when they open source key parts of their product, if not the whole product, amazing things can happen because it gets developer adoption or industry adoption in ways that they couldn't get by hiring a big sales force. It's like a huge cheat code for distribution. So it's super cool that someone's doing the open source cheat code in space. Um, but I think there's other ways that you guys are also running the company like a software company. Uh, Reza, you know, te- tell us a bit about some of these.
- RFReza Fetanat
Yeah. Um, so in software, when you write a software, you test every single part of it from low level, and then as you integrate more stuff, you test more. So that's kind of the implementation that we have here. We test as we build, and then we just keep building, keep building, test, test, test. And we are able to do that because we implement a lot of AI into our workflow, and it's not, not only in engineering but also in the operations side of it. For an example, department of purchasing, there's own department. It's AI running on my computer, doing purchasing, doing the backend side of things, and it will take care of it. And-
- SPSpeaker
You have an AI procurement officer.
- RFReza Fetanat
Yes, basically. Uh, and not only that, we also have a CFO, um, our AI CFO, um, runs on my computer. It just does all of the number crunching and it's great.
- SPSpeaker
Mm.
- RFReza Fetanat
Um, and of course, on the engineering side, um, we implement a lot of AIs and we build a lot of the tools in-house to help us move faster and quicker. And which is interesting because, you know, like, basically AI is not replacing engineering. It helps our engineers to focus on the stuff that really matters, which is iteration and testing, and which is a lot of the software companies do, which is, you know, you code and you test, and that's what we are doing with hardware. Um, we just build, test, build, test, build, test, and we do a lot of the testing in-house.
- SPSpeaker
Mm-hmm. And, and it sounds like some of the components are things that you have built in-house, maybe that another more traditional company would go out and buy, maybe at great expense. Uh, could you tell us about one of those?
- RFReza Fetanat
Yeah, of course. Um, I could give you many examples. Um, one example is the valve. Um, so we built our own valve, um, in-house. Usually another, um, hardware company, um, could buy the valve is, like, 3 to 4 grand, and it will take them, like, three to six month to receive the part. Uh, we're building the valve in-house for $200-
- SPSpeaker
Mm
- RFReza Fetanat
... and we could build it in a week. And that's another thing that iteration cycle, um, let us do. And we are able to do that really because, again, we do a lot of testing in-house, so we could move a lot faster, do a lot of testing, and we built more components in-house. And that's one example. Another example is our robotic arm, um, which another company will buy for, like, a million dollar, $2 million, and it will take, like, almost a year for them to get the part. Um, we build our arm, um, in a month, and it will cost us, like, a fraction of the actual thing that we could buy outside.
- SPSpeaker
And it's space-rated.
- RFReza Fetanat
And it is a space-rated, yes. Um, again, first mission went to space, part of it, and it was success. And yeah, yeah, it's
- 17:11 – 20:50
From a Laundry Room to Orbit
- RFReza Fetanat
great.
- SPSpeaker
Ashi, tell us a little bit about how you and Reza started this company. Like, how did, w- how did you get onto this and, and what, what's the genesis of it?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
So we used to build rockets before starting Spaceium.
- SPSpeaker
Okay.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
So we both build rockets. We build high-power rockets, and we send those rockets to different altitudes with scientific payloads to do s- different tests. And we were, we were both really big space nerds, and that's how we decided, "Okay, we need to start a company." We always knew we wanted to start something, but we weren't sure what. And while we were building rockets, we, we faced this same issue. We can't send as much as payload to orbit because, uh, the physics just doesn't work. And we, then we decide, "Okay, we have to go talk to other space company and see what, how, how they're solving this." But surprising, there was no solution.
- SPSpeaker
Hmm.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Even the biggest space company still had the same issue we, as a small team, had. And, uh, so we started. We even talked to our customers even way before we started Spaceium, and, uh, we, we decided somebody has to solve this issue, so we got started.
- SPSpeaker
Amazing. You guys were in a garage? Then a basement
- ADAshi Dissanayake
[laughs]
- SPSpeaker
Now you've got a warehouse
- ADAshi Dissanayake
[laughs]
- SPSpeaker
Okay? But I think people would love to hear a little bit about the garage era. What was the first Spaceium office or workspace like when it was, you know, r- like, day zero, just getting going?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Yeah. So the day zero was actually a laundry room.
- SPSpeaker
Okay. [laughs]
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Uh, it was a laundry room, and the desk was actually a dryer.
- SPSpeaker
Nice.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
So, uh, and then after YC, we moved to a house with a bigger garage, so our first office, first warehouse, was a garage. So we have thermal vacuum chambers, TVCs, vibration beds. We also have a clean room and all that in the garage, and I think that's the coolest garage-
- SPSpeaker
Uh-huh
- ADAshi Dissanayake
... ever in existence because we built spacecraft in the garage. And then we ran out of space, so we moved, slowly moved in the basement, and, uh-
- SPSpeaker
[laughs]
- ADAshi Dissanayake
... basement became part of the warehouse as well. And then now we have a bigger warehouse.
- SPSpeaker
Love it. You guys have mentioned a couple times about your YC experience and things you learned during YC. Um, you know, we had the good fortune of working together during the batch and working together a little bit since the batch. But, um, as a hardware company, as an aerospace company, could you share a little bit about what you got out of YC? What, what, what did YC do for you guys?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
We learned to talk to our customers and listen to our customers because we learned that we had to build something o- what other spacecraft want. So that's something we really learned because before YC, I know I said, like, we spoke to customers, but we really started, like, honing in on, like, what our customers need-
- SPSpeaker
Mm
- ADAshi Dissanayake
... what their needs are. And even this OpenPort, this is, like, the seventh iteration, and we keep iterating. Like, even today, if a customer tells us, "Okay, we would like this in a certain way," and then we would get that feedback and iterate to it. And that's why even though we are a new company, we are able to move as fast as possible.
- SPSpeaker
Mm.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
So that's something we learned.
- SPSpeaker
It sounds very straightforward, but I know from our many talks over the years that a lot of other aerospace companies don't do that so much.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Yep, yep.
- SPSpeaker
What's going on there? I know I have my theories, but you're the experts.
- 20:50 – 24:19
First-Mission Lessons and the Future of Refueling
- SPSpeaker
What's the hardest thing that's happened-
- ADAshi Dissanayake
[laughs]
- SPSpeaker
... since the batch?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
So during our first mission, we built our mission within five months, so that whole space, uh, the whole payload was built in five months. And, uh, so then right before the day that we had to ship our payload for the integration, Reza passed out on the floor. [laughs]
- SPSpeaker
What happened?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Because we hadn't slept in, like, three weeks, so every two days we would sleep a couple of hours. I'm not even exaggerating. Like, this was actually the truth. And, uh, one of our advisors, Jose, like, he used to b- work at SpaceX, and, uh, he got worried then because we didn't reply to him.
- SPSpeaker
Uh-oh.
- RFReza Fetanat
[laughs]
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Um, so, and then-
- SPSpeaker
The xenon had escaped or something.
- RFReza Fetanat
[laughs]
- ADAshi Dissanayake
[laughs] So he... Reza passed out. He was like, "I'm gonna take a nap," and then he just fell. And it was the f- last three hours before the, uh, person was supposed to come and take the payload, and it was, it was tough because I had to make sure my co-founder's okay, and at the same time, I had to make sure that I'm doing the final, uh, uh, hardware, um, assembly.
- SPSpeaker
What, what did you do? Did you wake him up? Did you slap him around?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
I tried to wake him.
- RFReza Fetanat
[laughs]
- ADAshi Dissanayake
I tried, but he wouldn't wake up, so I just went along. Like, I just kept assembling the payload. [laughs]
- SPSpeaker
Roll, roll him into another room while the, while the person comes in.
- RFReza Fetanat
Big sleeping. [laughs]
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Yeah.
- SPSpeaker
[laughs]
- ADAshi Dissanayake
And then I just kept assembling the payload and yeah. [laughs]
- SPSpeaker
Well, that's a pretty good story. Are, you doing better now? [laughs]
- RFReza Fetanat
I hope so. [laughs]
- SPSpeaker
Yeah. Have you, have you guys had to pull those kinds of hours again since?
- ADAshi Dissanayake
Uh, yes.
- SPSpeaker
[laughs]
- ADAshi Dissanayake
But then now, uh, we, we learned it the hard way, and we try to take some rests. And we ha- we also have a team now.
- SPSpeaker
Yeah.
- ADAshi Dissanayake
So because-
- SPSpeaker
That helps.
Episode duration: 24:19
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