Tyler Cowen on Rationality, COVID-19, Talismans, and Life on the Margins | The Tim Ferriss Show

Tim Ferriss 0:00 [upbeat music]

Tim Ferriss 0:15 Hello, boys and girls. This is Tim Ferriss. Welcome to another episode of The Tim Ferriss Show, where it is my job to deconstruct world-class performers, I would consider my guest today one of those, to tease out the habits, routines, thinking processes, practices, et cetera, that you can hopefully emulate or test in your own lives. My guest today is Professor Tyler Cowen, C-O-W-E-N, that is Cowen. And his personal moonshot is to teach economics or economics, we'll clear that up in just a moment, to more people than anyone else in the history of the world. And he might just succeed. In addition to his regular teaching at George Mason University, Tyler has blogged every day at Marginal Revolution for, I want to say, more than 15 years now, that's incredible, helping to make it one of the most widely read economics blogs in the world. He's co-created Marginal Revolution University, a free online economics education platform that's reached millions and will no doubt reach millions more. He's also a best-selling author of more than a dozen books. This man is an overachiever. A regular Bloomberg columnist and host of the popular Conversations with Tyler podcast, where he examines the work and worldviews of underrated thinkers like Martina Navratilova, Neal Stephenson, one of my favorite writers, Reid Hoffman, and many more. His latest project is Emergent Ventures, a $5 million fund to support entrepreneurs who have big ideas on how to improve society. You can find him on the web, marginalrevolution.com, conversationswithtyler.com, I highly recommend checking out, and on Twitter, @TylerCowen. Tyler, welcome to the show.

Tyler Cowen 1:46 Thank you, Tim. Happy to be here.

Tim Ferriss 1:48 And there are so many questions I want to ask. We have so many friends, uh, or at least I would say fans of your work in common, like Ryan Holiday. And you have been suggested and requested as a guest on this podcast for a very long time indeed. Let's start with my, my first question/area of confusion. As you may have noticed, even in the introduction, I pronounced it differently several times. Do you say economics or economics?

Tyler Cowen 2:18 Probably I'm not consistent.

Tim Ferriss 2:19 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 2:20 But I don't think of myself as doing economics. I think of myself as doing a funny kind of philosophy with the economy as the topic. So my goal isn't really to teach economics, it's to improve my own ways of thinking, and maybe people will learn some of that as I go along.

Tim Ferriss 2:37 Why use, uh, and I will flip-flop here, why use economics as the vehicle? What makes that interesting or useful for examining thinking?

Tyler Cowen 2:50 Well, I'm stuck with it at this point, right?

Tim Ferriss 2:51 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 2:52 So I think the most efficient way of learning at the margin for most smart people is travel, and I try to travel a lot. But I don't necessarily try to talk other people into becoming economists. When I was a young kid, I was a chess player, and I was very good at chess. Then I quit chess, and I took up economics, and that has made sense for me as a career. But i- in a way, I'm not emotionally that wedded to economics, right? I think of anthropology as a more fundamental way of thinking about humans, and economics indirectly is parasitical on anthropology, and we should all be doing more anthropology and travel.

Tim Ferriss 3:29 Could you explain what you mean by parasitical on anthropology?

Tyler Cowen 3:33 So economics, the core insights are about incentives, right? The law of demand. Price goes up, you buy less. That makes perfect sense. But in anything but the simplest contexts, you have to ask, how do people even understand what the price is? So if a mother says to her kid, "Oh, don't do that or you won't be allowed to play outside," you know, what is the real price? Does the kid really not get to play outside ever again? They get to play outside even more the day after? Who knows? It's about how people understand how they communicate with each other, and that is a kind of anthropology, sociology. Economics is embedded in those broader social sciences. So in my view, you need to be broad, read a lot, travel a lot, kind of be a bit crazy.

Tim Ferriss 4:15 I'm all for, I'm all for the right kind of crazy. I, I, I think we will be e- examining and exploring some nooks and crannies that would qualify as, if not crazy, at least weird. That's the hope, part of the hope for this conversation. And I want to come back to something you said or referenced, which was playing chess as a kid. So in the course of doing some research for this conversation, I came across something that said you also played for money. What did playing chess and/or playing chess for money teach you? What did you take away from those experiences, or what impact did that have on you?

Tyler Cowen 4:53 Well, this may sound trivial, but first it taught me I could win, and second, it taught me I could lose, and those are both very important lessons. And it also taught me I needed to be honest with myself about why I was either winning or losing, and that there were real stakes here. So I learned that, like, at age 10, 11. Uh, that was a great background. And chess is not forgiving of excuses, right? It cultivates what I now call meta-rationality, and you can't lie about how well you're doing, not, not in the medium term. You have a numerical rating. It's pretty accurate, right? You win or you lose. You can't say, "The sun got in my eyes" more than once.

Tim Ferriss 5:25 [laughs]

Tim Ferriss 5:28 So, uh, you have, you have many phrases that no doubt we will be digging into, or terms. Uh, could you elaborate on meta-rationality, please? Or give other examples of meta-rationality.

Tyler Cowen 5:41 A person is being meta-rational when he or she understands how smart or well-informed he or she is in a given topic area. Meta-rationality is, is very hard to come by, in my view, so people typically do not defer to the views of experts when they ought to. Sometimes the expert might be wrong. If you're just... But if you're just playing the odds, the expert is probably right. So people are far too confident about too many things they shouldn't be so confident about. Meta-rational people, who are essentially impossible to find-

Tim Ferriss 6:10 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 6:11 ... but at the margin we can be a bit more meta-rational, uh, they know to whom they should defer or how to find out the right answer.

Tim Ferriss 6:20 And as someone who is self-admittedly or self-described hyperlexic, a consumer of, it would seem, vast quantities, but certainly on some level curated quantities of information, how would you think about, uh, f- as an example, because you've also written for The New York Times i, uh, i- in 2013 about pandemics, "To Fight Pandemics, Reward Research." Now, one could argue that, uh, we're, we're a little behind the eight ball with respect to current circumstances. But as we're recording this on Monday, March 2nd, how do you yourself think about, for instance, parsing information and sources related to something like COVID-19? And I know that I'm using shorthand, but the, the virus is, is, is sort of awkward to say, so I'll just use COVID-19 as a placeholder for, for this particular coronavirus that we're contending with.

Tyler Cowen 7:23 The returns to understanding how to build a good Twitter feed are very high.

Tim Ferriss 7:28 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 7:28 And right now, many of us should be building, uh, coronavirus Twitter feeds, right?

Tim Ferriss 7:33 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 7:33 And following a number of people like Helen Branswell. And then, uh, people need to trust you, so the returns to being ethical-

Tim Ferriss 7:41 Mm-hmm

Tyler Cowen 7:41 ... and keeping confidences are high. And then other people will tell you things if you're at all known, and then you need to be meta-rational and judge, you know, which of them you should listen to more. Some of that might happen through WhatsApp. And then just at the end of the day, uh, not to get too caught up in your own narrative. You need to be suspicious of stories.

Tim Ferriss 8:00 Hmm.

Tyler Cowen 8:00 You can... There's, like, the panic story. There's the "it's all gonna be fine" story. Probably the truth is somewhere in between. But dominant moods or emotions tend to seize hold of us, even if we're very smart. And often smart people go wrong because they're just better at feeding more information into their chosen mood.

Tim Ferriss 8:17 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 8:17 And then they're g- likely to screw up. So it's this very careful balancing act across many dimensions.

Tim Ferriss 8:23 Hmm. H- how do you cultivate meta-rationality, particularly when, hopefully taking into account incentives? Uh, uh, because what I've noticed, for instance, is that among the friends I've spoken to, who I all consider, from the perspective in, of an IQ test at least, in- intelligent, pretty far on the right, that their... The conviction with which they believe this is serious or not serious often corresponds in some fashion to how inconvenient or convenient it would be or how much of a financial sacrifice believing it is serious and requires, say, self-quarantine or something like that, uh, would, uh, would cost them from a business perspective. Uh, how, how can one cultivate the ability to remain meta-rational during times of duress or panic like this? And, and I know that's a, a very, uh, jumbled question, but I think you can probably get what I'm grasping for.

Tyler Cowen 9:33 Maybe a certain bit of obliviousness actually is useful. So you want to be plugged in, but also somewhat detached and so caught up in your own thing, your whole what did I have for breakfast this morning routine, when am I gonna get to shoot baskets next, uh, that it actually distracts you from too much emotional involvement. So Peter Thiel sometimes says you sort of want to embody opposites in yourself in some ways. So this extreme involvement in the processing of information, but also a fair amount of detachment, uh, maybe is the best you can do if you can achieve that. I think the returns to detachment have gone up a lot with Twitter. So Twitter's fantastic, but most people use it badly, and they hate it, and they criticize it, and they waste time on it. But if you just use it as a truth-generating mechanism and use Twitter Search and mostly ignore politics on it, it's wonderful.

Tim Ferriss 10:23 Mm-hmm. Could you give an example h- of, of how you have used Twitter in, uh, in, in that fashion? What would be... What, what type of truth might you type of try to generate or identify through Twitter, and how would you go about it?

Tyler Cowen 10:38 Right now, Twitter Search is mostly better than Google Search. So take a topic you're interested in, which in this case could be coronavirus, right? And just type it into Twitter Search every morning or every evening and see what pops up, and then you're not restricted to who it is you follow, which is always gonna be limiting. You'll sample different opinions, see how people respond. You'll be led places by happenstance. That's fantastic. We didn't have that 15 years ago.

Tim Ferriss 11:06 One of your most popular, if not the most popular post of yours in 2019 on your blog, uh, was "How I Practice at What I Do." I believe that's the name of the, of the blog post. Please correct me if I'm wrong.

Tyler Cowen 11:18 Yes, that's correct.

Tim Ferriss 11:19 Uh, and to quote that blog post, you wrote: "Recently, one of my favorite questions to bug people with has been, 'What is it that you do to train that is comparable to a pianist practicing scales?' If you don't know the answer to that one, maybe you're doing something wrong or not doing enough." Could you elaborate on that, please?

Tyler Cowen 11:41 Well, say you're a social scientist or you're a writer or you give public talks. You are out there in some way all of the time. But if you look at people like, say, what Kobe Bryant did or what Martina Navratilova did, they practiced to an extreme degree, and that's how they got better. Martina was not world number one player until she had an intense regime of proper practice. Kobe, the older he got, he realized he needed to practice more, whereas a lot of top stars actually practice less, and they coast on reputation, and they have a guaranteed contract. So just every day, you want to be reading, you want to be talking, you want to be thinking, you want to be exercising, and do it You know, at an intense a level as you can, and just try to do that all day long, and that's practice. And, you know, one hopes it will make you better. It's not for you to say, but, you know, that's the hope.

Tim Ferriss 12:34 How do you practice your scales? What does, what do scales look like for you?

Tyler Cowen 12:40 Writing out large quantities of material, much of which I never use or publish. Writing out different points of view which are not my own is also a way of practicing. Trying to talk to a very diverse set of people. In my case, not just academics, uh, not just people I went to high school with, say. Uh, listening to highly complex music, I think, is a way to keep your mind active. Uh, periodically reading serious fiction, I think, is something people stop doing after they hit a certain age, maybe 30 or 40, but it forces you to be open to the complexities of how humans actually are. I recommend that, too.

Tim Ferriss 13:19 If someone listening were a nonfiction purist, say they quit at 20 and had not been reading fiction since, are there any particular fiction books that you might recommend for someone to use as their re-entry to the world of complex fiction or fiction overall?

Tyler Cowen 13:38 I would have, I would have to know their biography, but I would start with Harold Bloom's book, The Western Canon-

Tim Ferriss 13:44 Hmm

Tyler Cowen 13:44 ... which has a list and surveys a lot of his favorite works, a few of which are nonfiction, by the way. And, uh, dig in there and just find what you love and pursue it. I think the greatest writer is Shakespeare. Uh, it's not necessarily for everyone, and if you did not grow up writing and reading English, it's probably not for you. But that would be one start. The Henryad, you know.

Tim Ferriss 14:07 When you say complex music, uh, what does that mean to you?

Tyler Cowen 14:11 Uh, Indian classical music, I think, is phenomenal and grossly underrated, and it really forces you to be in a complexity mindset. Beethoven, late string quartets. Bach, The Art of the Fugue. Atonal music, Arnold Schoenberg. Uh, some of the stuff people don't like and curse at and think has wrecked music, I'm all for it, pretty much. It's just really, really hard.

Tim Ferriss 14:34 The sophistication of the hand percussion in classical Indian music, I, I don't know much about other instruments, but the sophistication of the hand percussion, speaking as someone who's become very interested in hand percussion in the last few years, is mind-blowing. It is, it is unbelievable how well-developed the system of hand percussion is in classical Indian music, just as one example.

Tyler Cowen 15:00 It could be the best music in the world, and I wonder if it's not related to Indian preeminence in the world of tech.

Tim Ferriss 15:07 Hmm. That's, that's, that is, that is definitely one I'll, I'll have to chew on. I, I like, I like that as a thought exercise at the very least. You spoke to your writing, uh, and your writing practice. What does your daily writing practice look like? If, if it is indeed daily. I, I make that assumption, but perhaps you're batching your writing. What does your writing process look like?

Tyler Cowen 15:30 It is daily in an, an almost religious manner. I write on Christmas Day. I write on Sundays. I write columns, blog posts. Uh, I like to quit writing before I get tired of writing. That way I'm hungry to come back the day after. And the real enemy in writing is days where you get nothing written.

Tim Ferriss 15:47 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 15:47 If you write something every day, I don't care how much or how little it is, it's going to add up, and over time you'll get more done each day. So just make it an absolute rule. The really important thing, it may not be writing for everyone, but just do it every day, get better at it every day. Don't take any excuses. Do it.

Tim Ferriss 16:05 What does your routine and setup look like? What time of day? What, uh, what are the ingredients that, for you, constitute a writing session? What are the characteristics?

Tyler Cowen 16:16 I love having multiple offices to create variance in my physical environment, but usually I start at home. I have just an ordinary sofa next to a very good stereo and a lot of CDs, some being Indian classical music, and I just sit on the sofa and lean against the armrest. And I, I don't even know if I'm comfortable, but I'm so used to it.

Tim Ferriss 16:35 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 16:36 And I just write, and I end up back there at the end of the day, and in between I'm at, you know, one of my two offices. Or if I'm on the road, you know, I'll write in a hotel room. I've gotten very used to writing other places. I enjoy the change of pace. Somehow it forces you to think new thoughts a bit.

Tim Ferriss 16:52 Do you do it first thing in the morning? Does the time of day vary? Uh, what does the timing look like?

Tyler Cowen 16:58 Almost always it's early in the morning. The first thing I do in the morning is check my email and eat breakfast, right? But after that, I try to get to writing pretty quickly. So I think a lot of people peak between, say, 8:15 AM and maybe 11:30, 11:45, and those are my core writing times most, but not all, days.

Tim Ferriss 17:19 And when you check email, do you have any rules or tactics that help you to avoid getting consumed or pulled into the vortex of, of in, of email to the extent that it, it overtakes your writing time? How do you think about that?

Tyler Cowen 17:38 Well, keep in mind, email, responding to emails is writing, too.

Tim Ferriss 17:42 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 17:42 I once said to Patrick Collison, "My business model is responding to my email."

Tim Ferriss 17:47 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 17:48 So I respond to a lot of email. I don't respond to it the second it comes in necessarily, and I certainly don't in the morning, but there'll be a few things, if only because of time zones, where I do respond immediately. And email is how people are gonna tell me things often.

Tim Ferriss 18:04 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 18:04 So if I respond, I develop more and better relationships. Uh, I'm... You could say I'm a fan of getting somewhat drowned in your email, but I think here's part of it. I try to stay a bit weird and obscure enough that mostly quite smart people are writing me.

Tim Ferriss 18:19 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 18:21 And if I had too many not smart emails, I would feel I was doing something else wrong with what I'm writing.

Tim Ferriss 18:26 [laughs] W- uh, what will be the, what will the symptoms be of you having crossed the line into over- overexposed or making, having made mistakes in your writing? I guess besides the email, but are there... W- will you know? Will, will the indication be just a, a change in the ratio of smart to not so smart email, or are there other ways that you would recognize you've gone astray with your writing?

Tyler Cowen 18:55 Maybe too many people asking me to do political things-

Tim Ferriss 18:58 Mm

Tyler Cowen 18:58 ... would be a sign that I had done something wrong. Uh, that mostly doesn't happen. Uh, the people emailing me being less smart or less to the point, that mostly doesn't happen. So I think I get a, a pretty large number of very good emails each day, or WhatsApp messages, and I like that. But you have to reciprocate, right?

Tim Ferriss 19:17 Yeah. With your, with your writing, do you do your drafting, first drafts, in Word, in LaTeX, in a email composition? I know some people who do that. In an actual Word p- uh, like a WordPress editor or in a blog of some type. Uh, how do you draft?

Tyler Cowen 19:38 I'm a software idiot, so if I'm writing a book or a column, I just use Microsoft Word.

Tim Ferriss 19:43 Got it.

Tyler Cowen 19:43 And I'm still struggling to figure out how it works.

Tim Ferriss 19:45 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 19:47 If it's a blog post, I type it into WordPress, and I do find if I type into WordPress, I write different things than if I write-

Tim Ferriss 19:53 Hmm

Tyler Cowen 19:53 ... on an open Word document. Uh, recently I've been trying Google Docs. It's better for collaboration, but it's disorienting for me.

Tim Ferriss 20:01 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 20:01 It doesn't feel permanent somehow. It feels like if a quasar explodes somewhere out there, the whole thing will go poof, and I'm nervous.

Tim Ferriss 20:08 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 20:09 But maybe that's good. It like gets me to finish what I'm doing more quickly.

Tim Ferriss 20:12 [laughs]

Tim Ferriss 20:14 Now, you have written about your own 12 Rules for Life. I wanted to ask you about two of them, if you would be willing to, to expand. So I- I'll, I'll read them-

Tyler Cowen 20:23 Sure

Tim Ferriss 20:23 ... but these are, these are rules 7 and 12 respectively. And I'll read both, and then you can dig into either. The first, number seven: "Learn how to learn from those who offend you." Number 12: "Every now and then," and I'm gonna mispronounce things here probably, "read or reread Erasmus, Montaigne, Homer, Shakespeare, or Joyce's Ulysses so that you do not take any rules too seriously. The human condition seems to defeat our orders... or our attempts," excuse me, "to order it." All right. I would love for you to expand on, on, on either of those. You can choose whichever you'd like to talk about first.

Tyler Cowen 21:02 Well, part of the brilliance of those writers I listed is they're highly complex. They force you or induce you to see human motivation as very complicated. Uh, they run against the grain of there being simple answers, and you really have to focus on them and give them full attention. So if you're dealing with them periodically, I think it's a good way to always stay fresh, if that's a true, open, honest engagement. Now, the people who offend you, I mean, Twitter is a great place to find them, right?

Tim Ferriss 21:30 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 21:31 People are so negative on Twitter, and either directly or indirectly, they're gonna be negative about you. Whatever it is you do or are or think, someone's gonna dump on it and trash it. Those are the people where, where you really need to look closely and say, "What can I learn from this person?" Do not play a strategy which I call devalue and dismiss, 'cause you can point to flaws in their thought, right, or their biography. Like, oh, you know, say what they've done wrong, or they didn't say this right three years ago, and you can dismiss them, but they're at the margin really the ones you've gotta learn from. Like for me, that's Paul Krugman. You know, he puts down so many people. Sometimes he puts down views I hold. Uh, you could say it offends me, but you know, I need to suck it up, you know, and just realize there's something I can learn from here.

Tim Ferriss 22:17 What have you learned from Paul? What would be or cultivated as a result of performing this practice?

Tyler Cowen 22:25 Well, I would say a lot about regional economics. At the meta level, I've learned a lot about how to communicate, sometimes how not to communicate. Uh, I understand a particular point of view much better, which I sometimes but not usually, uh, agree with, and, uh, he's one of the smartest economists out there, right? He has a Nobel Prize. Like, of course, my goodness, we should be learning from this person.

Tim Ferriss 22:49 What, what are things that come to mind that you have changed your mind on in the last few years or the last year? Are there any, any positions or beliefs or otherwise that you've, you've changed your mind on or come to think differently about?

Tyler Cowen 23:06 Well, one thing that I'm finding really striking is the number of different countries that have had demonstrations or sometimes even riots about their politics, and those are sometimes countries such as Chile, which at least in regional terms, our leaders are doing better than other places. Chile has actually seen declining income inequality, and yet millions of people in a not so well-populated country are going to the streets. So the sense of discontent out there is higher than I had thought, and I don't feel I've thought that through properly yet, but I'm definitely changing my mind about the stability of current parties and regimes of politics. It seems to not quite be holding.

Tim Ferriss 23:51 Uh, what are your working th- hypotheses o- on, uh, uh, with respect to why that might be?

Tyler Cowen 24:01 I think one is the Martin Gurri hypothesis, that in a world with the internet, we see everyone's flaws more readily. So you look at politicians or for that matter top thinkers on social media, mostly they're not very impressive. And again, you could s- play the devalue and dismiss strategy, but it means the citizenry ends up disillusioned. So the second point I think is that if you look at, say, the United States, it has not in every way covered itself in glory over the last 15 or 20 years, and that disillusions people around the world, yet they don't know where else to turn. Because in my view, some version of Western liberal capitalist democracy is indeed the best system. People see China doing better. They don't necessarily want autocracy, so politics becomes more confusing. And then finally, I think we're seeing big shifts in the income distribution, where certain groups are seeing either stagnant or falling wages, and this heightens their anxiety, and then they too become dissatisfied in politics. But they're not sure exactly where to turn. They tend to turn to politicians who promise them free lunches, but that's probably bad.

Tim Ferriss 25:04 Hmm. How, how are you going to go about developing a better understanding or different perspectives related to this, this observation, for instance, in Chile? What d- what is... what do your next steps look like?

Tyler Cowen 25:21 Well, the most likely next step is failure, right?

Tim Ferriss 25:24 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 25:24 Uh, but going to Chile would be one thing I would do. I've spent maybe five weeks of my life in Chile, which is not a lot, but enough that I have a sense of the place.

Tim Ferriss 25:34 Mm-hmm.

Tyler Cowen 25:34 I was recently invited back. Uh, I will try to find a way to get back, and then I will speak with people. But I also try to figure things out just by writing them down or writing them up. And, uh, if I just sit in the sa- shower and sing, I don't really get anywhere. So I need to talk with people or give a talk or write something down, and that will probably be wrong, but that's like the draft that doesn't get out, and then it will get better and, like, maybe sometimes it's okay.

Tim Ferriss 26:00 What percentage of what you write would you say ultimately gets published on the blog or elsewhere? Just to give people an idea of what the pie chart to... looks like with published, unpublished, and maybe there's, there are other categories. But what, what percentage would you say end up getting published somewhere?

Tyler Cowen 26:19 It's hard to measure because the things I discard, I tend to rewrite them so much, whether I've thrown them out or just rewritten them, uh, I'm not sure how to classify it. But I have many hundreds of pages of unpublished stuff, and it's gonna stay that way in, in varying phases of completeness, but it was necessary to get to other things.

Tim Ferriss 26:41 In, in 2000... I want to say 2003, so this is some time ago. [laughs] Suspect things may have changed. But at the time, I read that you were watching television only in Spanish. How long-

Tyler Cowen 26:56 That was correct then.

Tim Ferriss 26:58 Yeah, how long a- how... for what period of time did you do that?

Tyler Cowen 27:03 Oh, over a dozen years, and I still do it sometimes. But I found it a good way to learn Spanish, but a good way to have a window onto a group of concerns that I would not necessarily encounter in the rest of my daily life.

Tim Ferriss 27:18 Mm-hmm.

Tyler Cowen 27:18 So if you watch Spanish language news from Latin America, or from Miami, but essentially from Latin America, you will just get a very different sense of what is important, what is interesting, what is dramatic. A very different sense of the role of the tragic, how families fit together, the importance of children. Uh, it really shakes up your worldview. Uh, but mostly I wanted to learn Spanish, but I became a bit addicted to it, and I still do it when I have the time.

Tim Ferriss 27:44 I listen to the, the Duolingo Spanish podcast sometimes for similar reasons, although it doesn't provide quite... It does, in some cases, provide that sort of contextual, temporal news, human instru- uh, human interest element, uh, but perhaps less so than breaking news. Uh-

Tyler Cowen 28:01 I love Primer Impacto on Univision.

Tim Ferriss 28:04 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 28:04 I still watch that sometimes. It's at 5:00 PM. For me, it's channel 14. It's just fantastic.

Tim Ferriss 28:09 [laughs] What do you find to be the benefits of focusing on language acquisition or, I suppose, cultivation?

Tyler Cowen 28:21 Well, I only know two other languages. It's English, Spanish, and German. Uh, they force you out of your comfort zone. They make you realize what an idiot you are. You're always learning something. You get windows into how other people think. Uh, I sometimes call it cracking cultural codes. Spanish is great because it opens up a lot of different countries to you. German has some of the most profound writing and music, philosophy and culture of human history. Uh, I wish I knew more. So I envy people who know many languages and people who have traveled, you know, to more and different places than I have. They're the people you should envy.

Tim Ferriss 28:59 Uh, I'd like to ask you about one of your many books, The Complacent Class. Uh, now, my, my, my read, and please correct me if I'm wrong, is that, uh, you've, you've argued that we've, in some respects, become a stagnant and cautious society. What does that, what does that mean? If I'm actually sort of interpreting things correctly, and feel free to correct me.

Tyler Cowen 29:26 We innovate less, especially outside of the tech sector. Our incomes grow more slowly. We move around the United States at roughly half the rates we used to. We are now unable to pull off grand projects such as putting a man on the moon. Almost all of the spending of our federal government is now locked in, and much of that, most of that going to the elderly. We're just a less dynamic society. People are crazy how they bring up their kids. No risk is to be allowed. People obsess over what kindergarten will my kid get into. If they don't get into that kindergarten, my goodness, all is lost. We are far more a society of credentials, which I regard as a huge negative. Uh, all of that and more.

Tim Ferriss 30:10 What, what can one do? Is, is, are there any personal actions that you would suggest to counteract or counterbalance in some fashion those societal trends? I mean, of course, that's more than just societal trend. There are actual government policies and so on, but what can the individual do? If they listen to you say this and they agree with you, are there any particular practices or steps or recommendations that you can discuss?

Tyler Cowen 30:42 Absolutely. So S- Steve Levitt, the Freakonomics guy, he wrote a great paper-

Tim Ferriss 30:46 Yeah

Tyler Cowen 30:46 ... where he took some people and he looked at their major decisions, and for some of the people, a coin was flipped, and if the coin said they had to make a big change, they made the big change. An ex-post, the people who made the big changes were happier than those who did not. So of course, it depends on the person and on the context, but in general, read that Steve Levitt paper, think about the coin flipping, and more of the time, make the big change. Of course, it's a risk, right? Uh, but it seems on average it pays off.

Tim Ferriss 31:15 Question for you. Is the... Now, those were big changes determined by the flip of a coin, is that right?

Tyler Cowen 31:21 Right. Right.

Tim Ferriss 31:22 Okay. How much of the happiness with the big change do you think was from making the big change or being absolved of the, the buyer/seller's regr- regret equivalent, second-guessing, in other words, a decision that you had to make on your own?

Tyler Cowen 31:39 I don't know, but if it's only the being absolved that matters, well, treat me as the villain, and you are hereby absolved from responsibility.

Tim Ferriss 31:47 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 31:47 Just say, "Tyler made me do it," and go off and be happier.

Tim Ferriss 31:50 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 31:51 And the rest of society will do bet- do better as well.

Tim Ferriss 31:54 What are some of the major decisions that you've made that have been extremely impactful in your life?

Tyler Cowen 32:04 I decided that I would really focus on the internet and giving away my output for free, and mostly stopping doing peer-reviewed scholarly research and devoting all my time to blogging and online essays and online education in my podcast, and that has gone phenomenally well for me.

Tim Ferriss 32:23 When did you make that decision?

Tyler Cowen 32:24 In retrospect, it doesn't sound that scary. Uh, I started blogging, I think, 17 years ago, and the notion that I would do this every day for what is now almost 17 years, at the time was extremely weird, and I was doing well in my other endeavors. It wasn't there was some kind of failure that needed to be patched up. But I just thought, "I'm gonna do this. I'm not gonna look back." Uh, at first, like, no one paid any attention for years. I just kept on doubling down happily, you know, in my oblivious fog, and it worked out great.

Tim Ferriss 32:56 [laughs] So, so I'm gonna push back a little bit on the oblivious fog. You're a smart guy. Uh, you're, you're, you're, you're able to, I think, look at-

Tyler Cowen 33:06 You didn't say I was a meta-rational guy.

Tim Ferriss 33:07 Right, right, right.

Tyler Cowen 33:07 You said I was a smart guy. Maybe I should be offended, right?

Tim Ferriss 33:09 All right. No, well, I was going to meta-rational next. That was my second compliment. How... What was your decision-making framework for, for doing that 17 years ago? So that places us around 2003, roughly.

Tyler Cowen 33:23 Right.

Tim Ferriss 33:25 How did, how did you make that decision, which at the time, to many very smart, I will use the word smart here, colleagues, probably appeared absurd? Uh, how did you... What was your decision-making framework? How... Or how did you think about making that decision?

Tyler Cowen 33:43 I'm not even sure I had a decision-making framework. I think in a way I'm dysfunctional as a decision-maker at that level. I, like, did it for a day, I enjoyed it, and I just didn't stop doing it in a very selfish, curious, greedy with information way, and it would just became quickly impossible to, to turn that ship around. So I thought, "Well, I've got to do more of this." And, uh, I mean, I would hesitate to recommend my so-called decision-making process to anyone.

Tim Ferriss 34:12 [laughs] What was the, the positive feedback loop on, uh, the daily experience that kept you going for years before it seemingly gained, gained traction? What was it that appealed so much to you?

Tyler Cowen 34:28 For three or four years, like, we had a few thousand readers, but it wasn't a thing and it hadn't taken off. It was fine. And when I started, I thought, "Oh, it would be awesome to have only 5,000 readers," like some kind of utopian dream. Uh, but I lost track of that, and I just found I was learning things, having to write all these posts. Like, "Oh, I need to learn this. I need to learn that." And then when I would write on it, I would change my mind.

Tim Ferriss 34:52 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 34:52 So I thought, "Well, this is some form of progress." And again, just stuck at it, and then later, like, blogs became a thing. And even though blogging has mostly disappeared, it's gone very well for us. We've played a kind of last man standing strategy, and, uh, we haven't, like, seen that kind of cutback in readership.

Tim Ferriss 35:13 Uh, I think it's, it's ch- it's lost some of its newness sex appeal, but I would be astonished if long form or even not so long form writing, as long as it is of high quality for, considered of high quality for at least a few thousand people or even less, I don't see that going away anytime soon. I, I know that there are other medi- uh, any other forms of media that are more fashionable perhaps, but I'm certainly not concerned for the longevity of your readership. I think you'll be fine. H- How, how, how have you thought about branching out from the written word and making decisions about that?

Tyler Cowen 35:57 Well, I do now a podcast every two weeks that's called Conversations with Tyler, and that keeps me very busy and dominates a lot of my reading time. Uh, you know, that's for free. It's not a business for me. It probably costs me some money. But I find I read much better when I'm reading their work to go and interview them. So next I'll be doing, uh, Philip Tetlock. The guy who writes on prediction in superforecasters. That will force me to get my thoughts in order on those topics. After that, I think it's Emily St. John Mandel, who wrote Station Eleven, which coincidentally is a book about pandemics, and she has a new book out. I read fiction much better when I know I'm talking to the author himself or herself.

Tim Ferriss 36:38 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 36:39 Uh, when I interviewed Martina Navratilova, I had to learn a lot about the history of tennis. I read, like, 50 books on the history of women's and also men's tennis. That was fantastic. I wouldn't have absorbed them in the same way if I wasn't going to be speaking to her. So I'm just keep on doing these podcasts. Again, totally dysfunctional decision-making on my part.

Tim Ferriss 36:57 [laughs] Well, we'll see. [laughs] I mean, you could certainly have good outcomes with bad process, but I'm not totally convinced it's bad process. [laughs] So-

Tyler Cowen 37:08 No, it's not bad. But it's not-

Tim Ferriss 37:10 Uh

Tyler Cowen 37:10 ... something I could explain or justify in terms of a model of rationality.

Tim Ferriss 37:14 Right. It's also low risk in the sense that, I mean, the max downside risk of doing this is, is very... It would seem very low, whereas a lot of the benefits, as you said, putting a... putting an incentive and deadline in place so that you immerse yourself in these topics and worlds that you might not otherwise put so much energy into is, is certainly a benefit. How did you prepare for Neal Stephenson? Because I've read Neal's books, and for people who don't know, you have Snow Crash, Cryptonomicon. You have many others, and these are, these are not short books. These are in, in fact, incredibly long books in many cases. How did you prepare for that interview?

Tyler Cowen 37:56 He was, in some ways, an easier than usual prep because there are many Neal Stephenson books I already had read, which was a huge head start, just as you've read them. And then there were others that I simply cannot read, like Anathem, which I suspect is brilliant, but I'm just not a good enough reader or not smart enough or not something to get through it. It just loses me, and I've tried at least twice. I tried again to prep for him. I couldn't read it, and it might be his best book. So I just had to put that one down, and I figure, "Well, this is Neal Stephenson. I'm just gonna talk to him about stuff." A lot of the obvious, usual questions about science and the future and technology, and he'll just be interesting. So that was, I wouldn't say easy, but easier than many. Whereas people who know a very direct thing, like Emily Wilson, she was the translator of Homer's Odyssey. I had to know Homer's Odyssey really, really well. Like, that's what she does. I can't just blah, blah, blah to her about-

Tim Ferriss 38:57 Oh

Tyler Cowen 38:58 ... you know, "What do you think of Peter Thiel and the tech stagnation debate?" We talked 85% about Homer's Odyssey. That was one of my hardest preps.

Tim Ferriss 39:06 Hm. Sounds hard.

Tyler Cowen 39:06 She's wonderful, by the way, if you ever wanna have her on, but it's really tough.

Tim Ferriss 39:10 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 39:11 I spent months of my life-

Tim Ferriss 39:12 Yeah

Tyler Cowen 39:12 ... preparing for her, and it was over in an hour.

Tim Ferriss 39:15 Yeah. That's, uh... Well, it's, it's better, better ratio than the Olympics, I guess. [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 39:19 Yes. [laughs]

Tim Ferriss 39:21 Uh, how are you preparing for the conversation about, uh... Well, I suppose it's not gonna be limited to, but Station Eleven, if I'm getting that, that, that right, and pandemics. What do... What is, what is... How are you thinking about navigating that conversation and preparing for it?

Tyler Cowen 39:38 I watch her on YouTube. I read all of the interviews with her I can find online. Her two main novels I will read twice, and her earlier, less well-known novels I've read once. And she's from Canada. I need to think about Canada, where she grew up in Victoria, uh, what her literary inspirations are, ask her about those, reread books that she has read. Think... You know, I looked again at Michael Crichton's The And- Andromeda Strain. She wrote a novel about a pandemic. Well, now I have to think about Boccaccio as well, right? And you just have to, like, dig deep into all your resources, like, "What have I got here?" And we'll see how it goes, but she's a hard prep.

Tim Ferriss 40:17 [laughs] You, you have read... I mean, you and Patrick Collison are sort of birds of a feather here, uh, for people who don't know, Patrick Collison of Stripe, in that you are voracious readers and consume more books than the next 10 people put together, than the next 10 high achievers put together [laughs] I think many would say. What are the books that you have gifted or recommended to people most that come to mind? I know that you have a huge sort of pantheon of options available, but what, what books have you recommended most to others? Uh, we, we had a couple come up earlier in terms of people who might be interested in exploring fiction, uh, or complex nonfiction. What other books come to mind, if, if any?

Tyler Cowen 41:06 I'm very suspicious about recommending books to people because there's the risk they might listen to what you say, and if you're recommending to them the book that is not, like, the most valuable next book they should read, in a sense you're wronging them. So I don't give people books that often. I... One thing I try to encourage people to do is to read more about music and the arts. Not a particular book, but I say take the creators you love, whoever, whatever they may be, and read about them. If it's The Beatles, great. If it's Beethoven. And really dig into what you might think of as your hobbies, but to read about them in an intense way and just think about, like, Beethoven. How did he manage his career? Like, what were his productivity tricks? What did he do wrong? And think through some of the questions you've written and talked about at length, but in the context of your cultural heroes. If it's, like, what do I tell people to read most often, you know, I am not myself religious, but usually I'll tell my non-religious friends they ought to go read the Bible.

Tim Ferriss 42:08 Mm-hmm.

Tyler Cowen 42:09 It's a wonderfully deep and brilliant book, and, uh, most non-religious people, even most religious people barely know it. Or Shakespeare.

Tim Ferriss 42:18 If someone said they, uh, said to you they wanted to become more meta-rational- If that were their obje- their stated objective, are there any resources you would point them to or practices?

Tyler Cowen 42:36 Again, I'd like to know where they are starting from. Uh, but spend some time sitting down with groups of people you don't usually sit down with is my most likely recommendation, and that will depend on the person. So there's one colleague of mine, I'm telling him, "You need to travel to some very poor countries and sit down and speak to some very poor, in terms of income, individuals." And that's what I think he should do. Uh, obviously, if someone, say, grew up in the slums of Mumbai, that's probably not my advice, right?

Tim Ferriss 43:10 What if they were well-to-do Manhattanites-

Tyler Cowen 43:15 Oh my goodness

Tim Ferriss 43:15 ... who felt like-

Tyler Cowen 43:16 This is easy [laughs]

Tim Ferriss 43:17 ... who, who felt like they were, uh, who felt like they were prone to confirmation bias due to various incentives they had? So they would sort of, they've embedded themselves in a position. They have stories they've believed, maybe they're stories from their parents. Who knows? Yeah. What's the bes- besides spending time with someone who is, uh, from an income perspective, poorer, what, what other advice might you have for such a person?

Tyler Cowen 43:46 Well, if you're a Manhattanite, you actually will be in proximity to a fair number of-

Tim Ferriss 43:50 Yeah

Tyler Cowen 43:50 ... poorer people. But I find, on average, Manhattanites tend to think the world comes to them, and I suspect this is a delusion of sorts. Uh, so people say, "Oh, Silicon Valley's a bubble." Well, maybe, but people in Silicon Valley don't actually think the whole world comes to them. They realize they're in a very special part of the world. And I think if Manhattanites would realize that more, they would then just leave Manhattan, if only to the other boroughs. I mean, try Staten Island, right? Don't go to Paris. Don't go to London. Try Staten Island, West Virginia, somewhere like Macedonia. And don't think all these things are already coming to you in Manhattan because they're not. You're getting a super filtered version of it, and, uh, you're just seeing more Manhattan. Nothing wrong with that. I love Manhattan. Grew up in New Jersey. But, uh, a lot of remedial work probably needs to be done.

Tim Ferriss 44:40 [laughs] What, what are you working on personally right now? Are there any particular problems or sort of personal development objectives that you've set out for yourself?

Tyler Cowen 45:01 Well, I'm writing a new book, and it's on what do the social sciences know about spotting and evaluating talent.

Tim Ferriss 45:07 Hmm.

Tyler Cowen 45:07 And I have a project, this Emergent Ventures you referred to before, where there's a, a, a fund of money I give away to individuals who are talented, or I hope they are talented. So really just trying to get better at that and trying to get better at communicating what I know or think I know to other people, and that's very hard. There is no single really go-to source on how to evaluate talent, people who have not yet succeeded, but maybe they will.

Tim Ferriss 45:40 I'm just pausing to think for a moment here. What have you learned about interviewing? If you look at, uh, let's just say from either pre-podcast to right now or first few episodes of the podcast to right now, what, what have you learned about interviewing or how have you improved as an interviewer? H- And, and you can interpret that however you like because there are many different types of interviewing.

Tyler Cowen 46:10 I'm not sure I've improved. Uh, uh, hard for me to say. But I think getting people to talk about what they do, actually do, tends to be good. Getting people willing to be weird, getting people to be conversational, getting people to be engaged and passionate. The worst question is, "Please tell us about your latest book." I try to start with something super specific, something they're shocked that I might know about them, and then just, you know, dig deeper.

Tim Ferriss 46:39 How do you get them to be willing to be weird?

Tyler Cowen 46:43 Well, most of them are weird to begin with, right?

Tim Ferriss 46:44 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 46:45 So that's, like, a big force on your side. Uh, being weird yourself, right, uh, relaxes the environment. It makes it non-threatening. Just signaling you're not there to, you know, screw them over, that you wanna be there to be weird with them, and that you're actually doing this because you enjoy it, and usually it works. Not always. Some people just, like, clam up. They think they're gonna get a government job someday.

Tim Ferriss 47:10 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 47:11 Try not to have them on, right? [laughs]

Tim Ferriss 47:14 What does weird mean to you? How would you, how would you define weird?

Tyler Cowen 47:19 Well, in a sense, it's the weird that is truly normal. It's how people actually are. Like, what they really care about, think about. So in a sense, you're getting them out of the weird. The weird is the stage presence we put on and all the puffery and unwillingness to say what you really think because my confirmation hearing, whatever. So once you stop seeing the weird as actually weird, I think that's also a help. It's like, "This is natural. Let's just do it." And most people respond to that, I think. But you do many of these yourself, right?

Tim Ferriss 47:52 I do. I'm not convinced I know what I'm doing either. I, I somewhat selfishly, uh, have surrendered to following personal interest in interviews with the assumption that if I find it interesting, I have at least a guaranteed satisfied audience of one person. [laughs] But, uh, I, I, I think I have a part- very particular personality that then imprints my approach to asking questions, but I'm okay with that. I don't, uh, have a desire to be anything other than who I am at the moment when it comes to asking questions at least. Um-

Tyler Cowen 48:28 Yeah. Never have a guest on you don't care about, right?

Tim Ferriss 48:30 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 48:30 That's a good rule.

Tim Ferriss 48:32 That is a good rule. What other, what a- what other rules have you developed, if any?

Tyler Cowen 48:37 You mean in podcasting conversely?

Tim Ferriss 48:38 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 48:38 Just get to the point immediately. Uh, the old saying, personality is revealed on weekends. I think you present a version of that in one of your books.

Tim Ferriss 48:46 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 48:47 Uh, what does the person do on weekends? Probably the same as what they do on weekdays, but bring out that side of them, right? And just asking the person in essence, "What are your open browser tabs right now?" It's one way of getting at who they are.

Tim Ferriss 49:00 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 49:00 And the browser tabs don't lie, right?

Tim Ferriss 49:02 Yeah. That is a great question. That is a really great question. So part of the reason, not, uh, surprisingly [laughs] that I might be asking this so that I can borrow and, uh, use in the future, but the future is now, so here we are a few seconds after you just said that. What are some of the open browser tabs on your computer?

Tyler Cowen 49:21 Twitter is always open. WordPress for blogging is always open. Uh, several sets of email, always open. WhatsApp, always open. And then right now I will have typically five or six tabs to specific articles, which at the moment are all coronavirus. That's atypical. Usually they're more varied. But right now there's two big stories. There's the, uh, election campaign season, which I hate following and don't really write about, and coronavirus. So it's gonna be coronavirus.

Tim Ferriss 49:52 [laughs] Uh, what are you, what are you reading about coronavirus? This is of great interest to me. I've been f- tracking it very closely for a few weeks, and I know this is topical, but I d- I do think that in a sense, uh, there's a parallel to the expression, and I'm gonna butcher this and I- I'm afraid I don't know the attribution, but that adversity doesn't build character, it reveals character. And I do think that with the let's call it threat on one hand, panic on the other, and they're not totally separate, everything going on with coronavirus, the challenges of parsing good from bad information, reliable from unreliable information, uh, many of the frailties in thinking or logic or meta-rationality that otherwise would go somewhat unnoticed day-to-day are becoming much more pronounced in-

Tyler Cowen 50:52 Yes

Tim Ferriss 50:52 ... a lot of people, and many of them, and maybe present company included, are not aware [laughs] just how those things are manifesting. So h- what are you, uh, what are you reading and how are you thinking about this, this particular coronavirus?

Tyler Cowen 51:10 We're speaking in very early March.

Tim Ferriss 51:13 Yes.

Tyler Cowen 51:13 And it seems to me there are several distinct episodes. One is Wuhan. There's other parts of China. There's South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Northern Italy, Washington State, uh, Princess Diamond cruise ship. And the different numbers from these separate locations, they don't really add up.

Tim Ferriss 51:30 No.

Tyler Cowen 51:30 So I'm, I'm treating it like a Sherlock Holmes puzzle. Uh, how do we make sense of all of these collectively comparing them to each other? So yes, of course there are data mistakes, but what's your theory of data mistakes where they all fit together? And I still actually don't find a way of making it add up. So I'm trying not to approach it as like a lecturer, like telling everyone, "Do this, don't do that, wash your hands," probably good advice, but as a kind of puzzle, and to stay open about it and see what it brings me, and, uh, also see which of the responses are the best ones. So far, Singapore is looking quite good, but you know, there's plenty of play left so to speak. And the United States it seems has let the coronavirus get into its healthcare system and had did nothing about it for six weeks in what could end up being really a kind of huge crime of omission.

Tim Ferriss 52:25 Yeah. You know, I'm struggling with, with where to go with this because, uh, you know, I, I recognize we have a large audience listening. How do you, how do you currently plan to increase the resolution on those puzzle pieces or to continue informing yourself in such a way that the picture becomes clearer and not more difficult to make out? How do, how do you think about information consumption?

Tyler Cowen 53:02 There's more data every day, and I will write out the puzzles as I find them and try to think them through as I write them out and then get feedback, and I'm not sure where I'll arrive with this. One hopes of course it just goes away and the puzzles remain that, puzzles. Uh, at this point that's seeming a bit less likely than it had been. So I'm afraid to say I think we're gonna find out more than we wanna know.

Tim Ferriss 53:25 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 53:25 I'm not really worried about that. Like, if it all remains unresolved, I can just go away and celebrate.

Tim Ferriss 53:30 [laughs] Right. [laughs] Uh, aside from, uh, for instance, I mean, Johns Hopkins has a very good daily newsletter which, uh, uh, I would consider reasonably uncharged politically speaking. Uh, you had mentioned someone on Twitter who you follow, and I'm blanking on the name. It's Helen-

Tyler Cowen 53:52 Helen Branswell. She's public health in Toronto.

Tim Ferriss 53:56 How do you spell that last name?

Tyler Cowen 53:57 Uh, it's B-R-A-N-S-W-E-L-L, I believe.

Tim Ferriss 54:03 Are there any other particular sources of information, uh, or other people you are following who you find to be reasonably level-headed about how they're approaching and analyzing this?

Tyler Cowen 54:18 Uh, there's four or five. I don't remember their Twitter handles by memory, but you know, they're in the list of people I follow. If you just go through that, it will be pretty clear which ones they are.

Tim Ferriss 54:29 Okay. Great. And then I-

Tyler Cowen 54:30 And then I find by being out there writing about it in an open, non-hysterical way, I'm just sent a flood of useful information.

Tim Ferriss 54:37 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 54:37 And that's arguably my main source. And I don't mean to say I trust it all, but you cross-check and you think and then you talk to people you know and you get a bit further.

Tim Ferriss 54:47 Yeah. Why did you... Well, I'm also assuming then that this was your initiative, but why did you choose to, uh, create Emergent Ventures? How did that come about? You have a million projects.

Tyler Cowen 55:06 There's a-

Tim Ferriss 55:06 Why have another one, and why this one?

Tyler Cowen 55:09 There's a whole world of philanthropy out there, and I think it's one of the least well-functioning sectors of the American economy. You can't blame it on government. It's not, it's not that heavily regulated, right? So much of it is bureaucratic and risk-averse and people doing the same things. And I thought, let's go back to earlier models of giving from the Renaissance or the 18th century, where, in essence, there was no bureaucracy, one person who says yes or no. Uh, we don't ask anyone for a vita. We don't ask anyone about credentials. Do you have a PhD? Whatever. It's basically 1,500 words. Tell us who you are and what's your story and what you're gonna do, and people can use that space more or less as they wish. We ask them, like, "Tell us one value that you consider to be a value." We have that question. And, uh, we've now had about 80 winners, and, uh, we cut them a check, in essence. And, uh-

Tim Ferriss 56:08 How many, how many applicants are you vetting those 80 from?

Tyler Cowen 56:14 I think it's about 800 now. So, uh, there are most... The, the rate of good applications is reasonably high. Maybe I'm lowering it just by talking about the program, but, uh, we've had... Even though it's only about a year and a half old, we've had people go on to, you know, start companies, successful ventures. People, uh, end up in high positions in governments. Uh, a lot are just travel grants for young people, people who are, say, from ages 15, 16 up to 20, who get to meet mentors. Uh, I hope it's changed the course of their lives. Those are often travel grants to Silicon Valley. Uh, but it can be anywhere, really. And, uh, there's, uh, two researchers at Dartmouth. They've created a kind of Wikipedia-like structure that now contains data about every Indian village, in essence. Not every village is filled in, but we have the capacity to create and store and use demographic data about every Indian village. This is a not-for-profit venture. I think it will greatly improve public health and policymaking in India in the future. Uh, there's a fellow who is starting a kind of charter city in, in Zambia with Zambians, so, uh, many exciting things going on there. Young Indian woman, I think she just turned 18, uh, starting a bus company. She's raised really quite a bit of venture capital. So for me, it's a very exciting, rewarding thing to do. I'm paid nothing to do it. Uh, the evaluator is me. There's no panel. There's no bureaucracy. It's thumbs up or thumbs down, and I think far, far more philanthropy should work this way.

Tim Ferriss 57:53 W- what will success look like? Or how, how do you... And it could be, uh, just a subjective feel, but w- how do you determine whether this program has been successful over what period of time?

Tyler Cowen 58:08 So many people in philanthropy obsess over measurement.

Tim Ferriss 58:12 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 58:12 And they end up tending to do the same thing.

Tim Ferriss 58:15 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 58:15 So I'm actually, at my margin, somewhat anti-measurement. I don't want everyone to be anti-measurement, but my view is if I need to measure, you failed, right?

Tim Ferriss 58:24 Hmm.

Tyler Cowen 58:24 So if I supported, uh, Malcolm Gladwell, right, when he was a kid, uh, well, could I then measure how many books he sold? I, I mean, I could try, but it's like, come on, it's Malcolm Gladwell. If you need to measure-

Tim Ferriss 58:37 Yeah, right

Tyler Cowen 58:37 ... you failed. So that's my simple rule.

Tim Ferriss 58:39 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 58:40 You know, we'll see. I may never know.

Tim Ferriss 58:42 [laughs] W- of all of the many, many, many, many... If you look at, rather, the posts you've put out, the classes you've taught, the books you've written, what are some of the views that you currently hold or still hold th- or perspectives that are most controversial, would you say? Meaning they just... They, they seem to kick the hornet's nest, wherever that hornet's, hornet's nest may be. What are, what are some of the views or beliefs that are, are most controversial?

Tyler Cowen 59:16 You know, in the world of 2020, where the two leaders of the two parties at the moment seem to be Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders, I no longer know what is a controversial view, in fact.

Tim Ferriss 59:28 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 59:31 Uh, I used to know what my controversial views were.

Tim Ferriss 59:34 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 59:35 I think in general, we should do much more to boost the rate of economic growth, uh, devote fewer resources to the elderly and much more to the young, and take more chances and travel more and learn other languages and be much, much more interested in foreign cultures. I'm not sure those are controversial. They're obviously not controversial with a sliver of a particular demographic, but I'm not sure many people really mean them either. So-

Tim Ferriss 1:00:02 Hmm

Tyler Cowen 1:00:02 ... maybe my most controversial view is it's no longer clear what our controversial views are.

Tim Ferriss 1:00:07 [laughs]

Tim Ferriss 1:00:10 So I, I would love to ask you, because it's, it's, uh, I, I think easy to be intimidated by how much you do, and, uh, certainly seemingly do very, very successfully. You [laughs] , you're, you're able to digest sort of nonfiction pages in seconds and, uh, sort of aggregate data from disparate sources into coherent blog posts that influence, uh, millions of people ultimately, and so on and so forth. I'd like to try to offset that with a, a, a discussion, doesn't have to be long, but a discussion of a, of a tough time or a failure that you've experienced, and specifically If there is a favorite failure that comes to mind, meaning a failure you experienced which was very difficult at the time or just a dark period that somehow set you up or contributed to greater success later, if that makes any sense.

Tyler Cowen 1:01:20 Yes. You know, I feel I've been very fortunate in life, and I think I have about the most even temperament of anyone I know. Uh, like, I literally don't have unhappy days. It would be hard to say I've had zero in life, uh, but I think I'm almost weirdly never unhappy in a way that's good for productivity, but maybe almost inhuman and to be, uh, a little bit feared or, or looked down upon or not thought well of. Uh, I think that's a better way to think of me than to hear my, like, story of failure. Like, a few years in graduate school, yes, I felt pretty lonely. I didn't have a girlfriend. I was, like, a nerdy kid. That was bad for me. I mean, that would be the best I could do, and that's, like, so cliched and kind of pitiful.

Tim Ferriss 1:02:07 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 1:02:09 I don't know, like, the big life setback tale. Um-

Tim Ferriss 1:02:12 Mm-hmm

Tyler Cowen 1:02:12 ... not sure what that's supposed to be.

Tim Ferriss 1:02:15 Well, it's fair answer.

Tyler Cowen 1:02:17 So that's a weird answer, but it's, it's weirder than it sounds, I would just say.

Tim Ferriss 1:02:21 Have you always been even-keeled in that respect? Is it just out of the womb that was your, that was your, your programming, or is that something that you developed over time?

Tyler Cowen 1:02:33 Uh, both. I think that was my natural inclination, and just as you mature, you become more that way. But I've always felt pretty happy. I suspect my peak happiness is well below that of most people. Uh, hard to prove that or measure that, but intuitively, when I see people very, very, very happy, it's quite strange to me. I feel-

Tim Ferriss 1:02:52 Mm-hmm

Tyler Cowen 1:02:52 ... "Gee, I've never felt this."

Tim Ferriss 1:02:54 Hmm.

Tyler Cowen 1:02:54 Uh, but same when people are depressed. So I think, think my range is compressed, uh, in an unusual way.

Tim Ferriss 1:03:02 So if for many people they strive to feel happy, or perhaps more accurately, to not feel unhappy, right, and much of their decisions, many of their decisions and behavior are kinda governed or driven by that, are there any feelings that you prefer not to feel that come to mind? I mean, is, is there something for you that is analogous to unhappiness for other people?

Tyler Cowen 1:03:32 Well, I feel guilty about my numerous shortcomings when it comes to behavior. So for instance, I think to eat animals raised under terrible conditions is wrong, but still mostly I do it. I've tried to improve. I've improved somewhat, but I'm reminded of that regularly, uh, by what other people do or write, and I just think that's wrong. I think I fall short. Uh, I guess I, at this point, I have to conclude I'm too selfish to change it. So I feel bad about that, but it mustn't be that bad, right? And I feel bad that I don't feel worse about it as well. You could always-

Tim Ferriss 1:04:05 For pe-

Tyler Cowen 1:04:05 ... do more for charity, right? So-

Tim Ferriss 1:04:07 Yeah

Tyler Cowen 1:04:07 ... that's another... It's like never enough, is it?

Tim Ferriss 1:04:12 For people who wanted to develop a greater, a higher level of equanimity, uh, it, basically if they said, "I want to train myself in some fashion to be more like you, Tyler, insi- in, insomuch as I don't experience at least the, the, the acute lows that perhaps I experience," would you have any recommendations for, for those people? Are there any particular, any particular suggestions, reading resources, anything whatsoever that w- that would come to mind that you've seen help other people?

Tyler Cowen 1:04:52 Well, I'm not gonna say, like, "Go read the Stoics." I mean, Ryan-

Tim Ferriss 1:04:54 Yeah

Tyler Cowen 1:04:54 ... Holiday can tell you that.

Tim Ferriss 1:04:56 No, Ryan-

Tyler Cowen 1:04:56 The Stoics are great

Tim Ferriss 1:04:56 ... Ryan, Ryan's got that covered. Yeah. [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 1:04:58 Yeah. But I feel a bit, the people in that position, it's like they want a kind of talisman, almost like a voodoo object.

Tim Ferriss 1:05:04 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:05:04 And I don't know if they really want to be more detached and dispassionate, or they just want the talisman. And maybe my advice would be to think through, do you just want the talisman? That's fine. Don't feel bad about that. But, like, there's a really cheap and easy way to buy the talisman, like buy one of my books, read my blog. That's free.

Tim Ferriss 1:05:23 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:05:23 Uh, and you know, pat yourself on the back and go away and forget that was your original motive. If you really-

Tim Ferriss 1:05:29 Can you-

Tyler Cowen 1:05:29 ... wanna do it, I don't know. Probably, uh, the fact that you're asking is a signal that it's someone more in the talisman direction.

Tim Ferriss 1:05:37 Well, what is, uh... Could you elaborate on what you mean by talisman?

Tyler Cowen 1:05:43 Emily St. John Mandel, uh, just tweeted, I think this morning, that there's this risk of a pandemic with coronavirus, and she wrote a novel about a pandemic that is really truly horrible, kills most people in the world, and she can't understand why her book is selling so many more copies now. I suspect people want to buy it as a kind of protection against the worst case scenario. Like, they feel they faced up to it. They own it a bit. They control it. I think I used the voodoo analogy a bit earlier, and thus they're a bit safer. We, we sometimes use comedy this way or see horror movies for similar reasons, and that's a talisman. You do it for a complex psychological reason to process an idea and be done with it and not necessarily to really incorporate what's there, and that's fine. I don't think we should look down on that. But you know, if someone asks, I'm gonna say, "Is this a talisman, or do you want the real thing?"

Tim Ferriss 1:06:35 Well, what would, what would distinguish those two within the context of the question I'm asking? So I'll, I'll, uh, uh, I will, just because you brought it up, mention, for instance, the Stoics. So I, I do think that, and we don't have to belabor this point, but the fact that I ask about resources, why would that indicate that I want a talisman or I'm seeking a talisman if I have found the regular review and practice of, say, stoic principles to actually be of great benefit much along the lines of a cognitive behavioral therapy or something like that. So I, I do think that has impacted how I relate to the world and relate to others in the world. So I would say that that has tremendous practical value. So-

Tyler Cowen 1:07:18 Sure, I'm pro talisman, but I think, you know, it's like therapy. There's two reasons you might go to therapy. One is to feel you did something about your problem-

Tim Ferriss 1:07:25 Yeah

Tyler Cowen 1:07:25 ... and that could itself make you better.

Tim Ferriss 1:07:27 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:07:27 And the other is your actual conversation with the therapist is useful.

Tim Ferriss 1:07:32 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:07:32 Both operate. There's nothing wrong with the talisman use of therapy, and with the stoics probably both operate. Uh, you know, great. The talisman actually makes the stoics better. In fact, they're good for two things, not just one.

Tim Ferriss 1:07:46 Well, I guess I, I'd, I'd love for you to just elaborate on why that use that I described is of the talisman, uh, variety. Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:07:56 Well, that could be real learning, right? But the-

Tim Ferriss 1:07:58 Yeah

Tyler Cowen 1:07:58 ... the version of the talisman use of the stoics would be that ex ante you feel a kind of personal and social anxiety that you-

Tim Ferriss 1:08:06 Right

Tyler Cowen 1:08:06 ... haven't done enough to calm yourself.

Tim Ferriss 1:08:08 Mm-hmm.

Tyler Cowen 1:08:08 And maybe you're just never gonna be that calm, but your meta anxiety about not having calmed yourself, you can lower perhaps by buying and reading the stoics.

Tim Ferriss 1:08:18 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:08:18 Maybe you'll forget what they said on a test three years later, but at the end of the day, you did something, you went through a process, you had a mastery over some part of your life, and you feel better and the anxiety's diminished. I think that happens quite often.

Tim Ferriss 1:08:32 Mm-hmm.

Tyler Cowen 1:08:34 In addition to whatever you learn from them.

Tim Ferriss 1:08:37 Do you, do you feel like you have, uh, such talismans in your own decision-making or behaviors, or is that-

Tyler Cowen 1:08:46 Oh, of course. Sure. N- no reason to think I'm any different. And a lot of the books I read, maybe if I felt some anxiety, "Oh, there's this book out there. Tyler, you haven't read it yet," and I go read it. I'm not saying I learn nothing from the book, but part of the enjoyment is the alleviation of the anxiety, right?

Tim Ferriss 1:09:03 Right. Sure. Oh, yeah. For sure.

Tyler Cowen 1:09:04 I think too many books are like that, like I wish more of them had wonderful, incredible content.

Tim Ferriss 1:09:13 How do you choose your guests for your podcast?

Tyler Cowen 1:09:18 Uh, mostly the people I want to speak to and the people I wish to prepare for. So there'll be a lot of economics, uh, some public figures, uh, people who have written novels. Just people who know a lot. People who are what I call infovores, people who are intense or curious. Uh, it helps if they're nearby, so I do all of mine face to face. A few of them are public events. So just like can this be pulled off is a big question. Doing Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, that was a dream for me.

Tim Ferriss 1:09:50 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:09:50 I watched him when I was a kid play basketball, and I saw his last game in the NBA. I had a chance to do Kareem. How could I not do that?

Tim Ferriss 1:09:59 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:09:59 Trying to get William Shatner now. Probably it will fail. I don't care how old he is. He's William Shatner.

Tim Ferriss 1:10:05 Who are other people-

Tyler Cowen 1:10:05 Captain Kirk

Tim Ferriss 1:10:06 ... who are other people on your dream list, on your wish list?

Tyler Cowen 1:10:09 Brian Eno, the British musician. I sent... I had an email forwarded to him, and I'm still waiting for him to respond. He strikes me as the kind of guy who might respond seven years after the invite. Most people, it's like if you don't hear in a week, you figure it won't happen, but this is Brian Eno. He could respond at any time with either a yes or a no.

Tim Ferriss 1:10:30 For, for you, we talked a bit about the, uh, the changes of perspective or changing your mind, uh, on, on, uh, anything. Uh, and you mentioned, I guess it was regional economics, and we spoke about Chile. Uh, are there any new behaviors that have been particularly beneficial for you that you've only started in the last year or handful of years? Any particular new behaviors or habits that have had a non-trivial impact on your life?

Tyler Cowen 1:11:04 Uh, it's hard to tell. I've spent more time, uh, with weights as a form of exercise. I vaguely feel it's helped. I, I don't have any measurement I could cite for you. And, uh, how have my behaviors changed in the last year? Eating smaller portions of food, which I think has helped. You know, my diet is just eat what you were gonna eat, but eat two-thirds of it.

Tim Ferriss 1:11:29 Right.

Tyler Cowen 1:11:30 And I've had the discipline to make that work. You don't have to fuss over what you're gonna cut out, right? You just divide by two-thirds. And, uh, just trying to be kinder to people. Again, I'm not even sure I'm managing to try to do it, but that's like always a priority or sometimes a priority.

Tim Ferriss 1:11:48 What does, what does that look like, being kinder to people, or why, why did that become something of, of focus for you?

Tyler Cowen 1:11:57 If you can be encouraging in a non-trivial way, uh, it can really mean a lot to people, and it takes several kinds of effort. There's effort in the moment, but also the skill of how to sincerely have a sense of what would be the encouraging thing to say, and it seems to me that's greatly undersupplied in the world. And like some of the things that are undersupplied are just people telling other people what they're good at, which happens plenty, but really kind of accurate, incisive, "This is what you're good at and why," greatly undersupplied. Supplying people, especially younger people, visions of what they could be, uh, greatly undersupplied. But you also wanna be better at it rather than worse, right? So making that more of a priority. And some of the grants I've given out through Emergent Ventures to younger people, I've also tried to give them a sense of what I think they could be, and I suspect that's more important in some cases than the grant. In a way, it's complemented by the grant. In a way, you're giving the grant so you can Package it with this vision, and the vision will matter, and the grant makes the vision more vivid or more focal.

Tim Ferriss 1:13:11 Mm.

Tyler Cowen 1:13:12 Like, they believe the vision because you spent real dollars on them.

Tim Ferriss 1:13:16 Yeah. That makes perfect sense. I only have a few questions, uh, remaining really on my, my, my list, so to speak. Uh, but I would love to explore anything certainly that, that I've, I may have missed. Uh, this may sound like a cliched question, and I'm, I'm sure that, uh, it's not gonna be a new one to my listeners, but you th- you, you think very deeply all, about a lot of things. If you could put a message, a quote, an image on a billboard, metaphorically speaking, that were to reach billions of people, what might you put on that billboard? Doesn't have to be super short, but is there anything that comes to mind if you wanted to impart something, convey something to billions of people, what you would say? Assuming they all are able to read the [chuckles] same language, of course.

Tyler Cowen 1:14:09 Well, social context is so important for messages. So as we just were saying, if you communicate to people a vision of what they could be, it needs to be packaged with some real behavior on your part probably to have impact. And I also, as an economist, tend to think very often the market works. So if I just put up on a billboard, like, "Tyler says do the right thing," I'm pretty sure that would be ineffective. And if you look at billboards we actually have, like, what, what do you see on those billboards? The billboards I see, a lot of them are advertisements for insurance. Some of them are "Don't drive drunk." You see a bail bondsman on billboards, and suicide hotlines. So I guess I would study the market and pick one of those four things, like, you know, buy this insurance, bail bondsman, suicide hotline, don't drive drunk, after studying the actual market. 'Cause I don't think I have some idea that's so scarce that if it's on the billboard with no supporting social context, that it will mean a damn.

Tim Ferriss 1:15:07 Well if we-

Tyler Cowen 1:15:07 I say go with the market.

Tim Ferriss 1:15:08 [laughs] Well, if we take, if we take... Let's take a more technologically, uh, advanced example. If you could have something pop up on everyone's iPhone and stay there as the background for a day. Really, the, the, the, the point or the, that I'm stretching for here is to get, get, getting large numbers of people to consider a statement or a prompt of some type for a period of time. Uh, so put it- putting aside the billboard as form factor, is there, is there anything that... You've got it. You can choose not to use it, but you have the option of imparting something via the background of everyone's iPhones for-

Tyler Cowen 1:15:55 The-

Tim Ferriss 1:15:55 ... a period of time.

Tyler Cowen 1:15:57 The people with iPhones, of course, I worry about much less. But I, I would say this, I think the social returns to religion on average are fairly high. So the religion most likely that people would accept in a particular area, I would want the message to be messages about that religion. So if it's the United States, that would often but not always be Christianity. Uh, again, that's not gonna work in every part of the world. Uh, but I worry, uh, families are not having enough children. We're seeing depopulation in many countries. Religious families have more children. Religious people tend to be somewhat happier. So I would seek that the messages would make people more religious.

Tim Ferriss 1:16:39 And you, yet you yourself are not religious, but I suppose that is, that is, uh, you wouldn't choose religion to make yourself happier because you have very few unhappy days. But you yourself are not a-

Tyler Cowen 1:16:51 And I-

Tim Ferriss 1:16:51 ... practicing religious person.

Tyler Cowen 1:16:53 I'm agnostic leaning toward atheist, so definitely not religious. Was not brought up religious. My parents were not religious. But I look at the data. It seems religion is the most effective way we have of carrying good ideas. And, uh, at the margin I wanna see more of that. I think also, I, you know, like, I don't do any drugs. I don't drink. So some people abuse drugs and alcohol, and religion there can help. Uh, so I don't have that practical reason for needing more religion also. So let's say 10% of people, you know, abuse drugs or alcohol. That's a pretty high percentage. And if you think the truly religious are less likely to, that's a big expected gain.

Tim Ferriss 1:17:38 Hmm. Well, this has been, this has been very fun for me. Is there anything that we have not explored that you would like to explore or discuss that I haven't brought up?

Tyler Cowen 1:17:52 How do you restore lost focus?

Tim Ferriss 1:17:56 How do I restore lost focus?

Tyler Cowen 1:17:57 Yes.

Tim Ferriss 1:17:59 Uh, I would say cold exposure, exercise, and having a routine that I do not deviate from. So most often for me, if I feel a loss of focus, it is either physiological, so it is there, there's... I'm not eating enough. I am low energy because I've had poor sleep for a period of days, something like that, uh, almost all of which can be remedied by attention to the basic elements of, of my routine. So I would say that, that, that's my answer. If, if I have deviated from routine, if I'm making too many decisions each day that should be replaced with some type of default answer, what I have for breakfast, what time I'm waking up, where I'm going to write or record, et cetera, that usually... Or I shouldn't say usually, but often contributes to a feeling of being unfocused. So it's, it's when I abandon my routines, some of the elements of which would be default meals and exercise, and also cold exposure first thing in the morning. Um- Restoring that order usually helps me.

Tyler Cowen 1:19:16 Do you think cold exposure is partly a placebo or talisman, or you think cold exposure works?

Tim Ferriss 1:19:23 You know, I ... It, it depends in part what we mean by works. I, I would s- does it, does it provide a jolt of adrenaline and other plausible physiological changes that seem to contribute to more alertness? Yes, I would say the answer is yes. Could be talisman, and if by talisman we really mean placebo effect or the d- desire to feel that we are doing something to address our problem rather than the actual efficacy of said approach, sure. I mean, I think placebo effect is everywhere [laughs] . So, uh, uh, just as n- nocebo effect can, uh-

Tyler Cowen 1:20:04 Sure

Tim Ferriss 1:20:04 ... can affect things. But, uh, I can tell you that I find it personally helpful, but I, I do think there are some, uh, certainly obvious and then not so obvious plausible physical mechanisms that could improve alertness when you put yourself into 40 degree t- 40 degree Fahrenheit water for a, a period of time.

Tyler Cowen 1:20:24 And do you fear ending up in an equilibrium where you say no to too many things, and how do you avoid that? Or maybe you just think it's not a risk.

Tim Ferriss 1:20:32 What type of equilibrium do you mean?

Tyler Cowen 1:20:34 Where, so we all are faced with many demands on our time, and we have to learn to say no.

Tim Ferriss 1:20:39 Mm.

Tyler Cowen 1:20:39 Give a talk here, visit this.

Tim Ferriss 1:20:41 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:20:42 Rec- you know, whatever. So we, we become very good at saying no, but it's quite easy to say no once you're good at it. It's like, oh, an email comes. No, no. And you end up saying no too much, and you end up with too little serendipity in your life in a way you clearly would have had at age 17 or even 23, or maybe 27.

Tim Ferriss 1:20:59 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:20:59 But how do you refresh the supply of serendipity and keep the habit of saying no to the things you ought to say no to?

Tim Ferriss 1:21:06 I do that through friends who have broad and diverse social networks, and they are known friends of mine publicly. So they have broad social interactions, and people will pitch them on things intended for me. I like to, I like my friends to feel there is a reputational risk/gain to making introductions or suggesting introductions. The, and in that, uh, using that approach, I've found that the introductions I end up agreeing to provide more than enough serendipity for me, and they come highly qualified, uh, and highly vetted. So I, I then rely on a sort of s- more perhaps systematic approach or more tightly controlled approach to serendipity, which sounds like an oxymoron almost, uh, versus looking for serendipity, say, in my inbox or Twitter feed. I do look at, uh, I prefer to be able to opt into serendipity as opposed to feeling like I'm being waterboarded with serendipity [laughs] . Uh, I also get an absurdly high volume of inputs, so that could be reflective, as you said earlier, perhaps that I'm making mistakes further upstream.

Tyler Cowen 1:22:29 [laughs]

Tim Ferriss 1:22:29 Uh, but I'm not worried about equilibrium. I have more, more than enough intellectual stimulation at this point and of a higher quality signal, for me at least. Uh, that-

Tyler Cowen 1:22:42 Do you worry that too many of your friends are highly successful people?

Tim Ferriss 1:22:47 Uh, I don't, uh, mostly because I was only referring to my publicly known friends.

Tyler Cowen 1:22:55 Yeah.

Tim Ferriss 1:22:55 I don't talk, I don't talk about my non-public friends publicly because I think that would be opening them to all sorts of problems that they don't want to have, and I don't want them to have. Uh, so I, I don't worry about that. I have a lot of friends who are on the full spectrum socioeconomically, and, you know, you were talking about addiction earlier. I mean, my best friend growing up was a f- oh well, until a few years ago, a fisherman, very low income, and died of a fentanyl overdose. So he would certainly not map from a social or socioeconomic perspective on top of any portion of the Venn diagram of the public friends that I have. So I don't worry about it too much. I also historically travel a lot and, you know, have spent time among the homeless in San Francisco. For instance, I actually paid someone to give me a sort of day-long immersion tour of, like, the underground sort of economics and dynamics of the, of homelessness in San Francisco. As you said, you don't have to go to Mumbai.

Tyler Cowen 1:24:06 Right.

Tim Ferriss 1:24:06 You can find destitution and poverty and addiction right around the corner if you live in an urban center. So I, I, that, uh, there are plenty of things that I would say I worry about. Um, I, I do think I probably lean towards the worrywart side of things on the sliding scale, but I don't worry about all of my friends being in one place or being well-to-do or successful, in quotation marks. I don't worry about that one.

Tyler Cowen 1:24:35 Great.

Tim Ferriss 1:24:36 Yeah [laughs] . Any oth- any other questions? I'm happy to field questions.

Tyler Cowen 1:24:42 What's your favorite movie?

Tim Ferriss 1:24:44 My favorite movie. Uh, I've watched different movies for different purposes. Uh, I, I would say th- that, uh, Princess Bride, The Princess Bride is very high up there.

Tyler Cowen 1:24:59 Sure.

Tim Ferriss 1:25:00 I think, I think William Goldman is just a genius screenwriter. Uh, mo- a lot of the movies that are my favorites are movies I've watched hundreds of times on repeat while writing. Uh, Babe would be another one [laughs] .

Tyler Cowen 1:25:15 I love that. Yeah. Those are two of my favorite movies.

Tim Ferriss 1:25:17 What's your favorite movie? Do you, or, or some of yours?

Tyler Cowen 1:25:20 Uh, Ingmar Bergman movies as a whole would be my favorite part of cinema. Maybe Scenes From a Marriage being my all-time favorite of those.

Tim Ferriss 1:25:30 Mm.

Tyler Cowen 1:25:30 But just Empire Strikes Back is a favorite movie too.

Tim Ferriss 1:25:32 Oh, it's so good. So good.

Tyler Cowen 1:25:34 It is.

Tim Ferriss 1:25:34 Yeah. It's a great film. It's a great film. Amélie, another film I love. Uh, Spirited Away would be one of my absolute all-time favorites.

Tyler Cowen 1:25:42 I love Miyazaki movies, all of them.

Tim Ferriss 1:25:44 Yeah. Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:25:45 Yeah.

Tim Ferriss 1:25:45 Spir- Spirited Away I just think has, there's a lot of metaphor and just, uh, beautiful transformation in that movie, uh, that I find reveals itself as you watch it more and more. So I've, I've watched that movie a lot. Uh, and, uh, those would be a few. Those would be a few that come to mind. And then there are a bunch of flicks you might expect I like, like [laughs] the first Jason Bourne, The Bourne Identity, and [laughs] and all-

Tyler Cowen 1:26:14 That's good. It's a good movie

Tim Ferriss 1:26:15 ... Yeah. Snatch. All these movies that I got hooked on, uh, a long time ago and haven't been able to give up. Casino Royale I think is an exceptional film. Uh, so-

Tyler Cowen 1:26:23 You mean the later one, not the early-

Tim Ferriss 1:26:25 The later

Tyler Cowen 1:26:25 ... David Niven one.

Tim Ferriss 1:26:26 The later one, yeah. The later one.

Tyler Cowen 1:26:28 Yes. That's good. [laughs]

Tim Ferriss 1:26:29 Uh, but, uh, I- I do enjoy film and fiction as a respite from the problem-solving default that I think is a constant for me with, uh, uh, hyper-rumination, and I think that's, that's very common in people who have suffered from, say, depression in the past, as I have. Fortunately, no major episodes in the last five or six years, which I can attribute to a few things, talisman or otherwise.

Tyler Cowen 1:27:02 Yeah.

Tim Ferriss 1:27:03 Uh, but, uh, or would attribute, I suppose, in that case. Um, I think the ability to, for those people who are prone to hyper-rumination, which can often take the form of a obsession with the past in repetitive loops in the case of depression or obsession with future scenarios in the case of chronic anxiety, I think that f- I think that film and fiction are, ha- have high medicinal value.

Tyler Cowen 1:27:34 And let's say you could put your major commitments on hold. Somehow freeze time-

Tim Ferriss 1:27:38 Mm

Tyler Cowen 1:27:38 ... in the life you're in-

Tim Ferriss 1:27:39 Mm-hmm

Tyler Cowen 1:27:39 ... and take a year off and spend it somewhere.

Tim Ferriss 1:27:42 Mm-hmm.

Tyler Cowen 1:27:42 Where would you choose, and why?

Tim Ferriss 1:27:48 Does it have to be just-

Tyler Cowen 1:27:49 And then you just come back. You know, w- we put it on pause, and you come back to the life you have.

Tim Ferriss 1:27:53 Yep. Does it have to be one location, or can it be multiple locations?

Tyler Cowen 1:27:57 Uh, it can be more than one, but you can't say everywhere, right?

Tim Ferriss 1:28:00 No. It wouldn't be everywhere.

Tyler Cowen 1:28:00 So it could be, well, travel down the Amazon or... Right? That's multiple locations.

Tim Ferriss 1:28:04 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:28:04 It has to be one kind of thing, one plan.

Tim Ferriss 1:28:09 One plan. Uh, okay. I would, uh, if it has to have some theme, I would say I would take a year, ideally with my, my beloved girlfriend, uh, and perhaps a few close friends, if possible, to, uh, walk some of the pilgrimage trails around the world. So the, uh, I've, I've done a small portion of the Kumano Kodo in Japan.

Tyler Cowen 1:28:38 Yeah.

Tim Ferriss 1:28:38 The Camino, the Camino de Santiago is of interest to me. Uh, but extended long duration walking with a minimum of necessities and material goods for that year with a minimum of inputs I think would be a, be a tremendous way to spend a year.

Tyler Cowen 1:29:04 And how much do you think we're alike versus being different?

Tim Ferriss 1:29:07 The two of us?

Tyler Cowen 1:29:08 Two of us, yeah.

Tim Ferriss 1:29:11 Wow, that's a great question. I, uh, there's a sort of an asymmetry of information here because I, I, I, uh, I know less about you than I know about myself. My feeling is that we're quite similar.

Tyler Cowen 1:29:20 Well, same here.

Tim Ferriss 1:29:21 We're, yeah. There, we're, I, my feeling is that based on, I think we have many shared interests, uh, and intellectual interests. I would say that. I think you're imminently more qualified [laughs] in speaking on most of these shared interests. But the, the topic of, of, of meta-rationality and metacognition, uh, which I realize are not exactly the same thing but s- very interrelated, uh, those are of incredible importance to me, and I think about them constantly. So I think our, our avenues of inquiry and interests are very similar. Sounds like our hardwiring is very different, uh, just in terms of, like-

Tyler Cowen 1:30:01 Yeah

Tim Ferriss 1:30:01 ... the soft- the software that we have, I, I think is very different. Um, but, uh, I like those differences. Uh, I think the world doesn't need more than one of me, that's for sure. So [laughs] uh, I, I really revel in the, in the differences. I would say, uh, my impression, I'd like to hear your answer, uh, but, but my impression is we probably have, uh, perhaps even more similarities than we realize. I mean, I do, uh, I am a fan of, uh, alcohol, and one might even say drugs on occasion, so we have that difference. Uh, but, uh, I think those may be largely cosmetic, uh, in, in some respect. So, uh, what's your impression? What's, what's your, what's your read?

Tyler Cowen 1:30:50 I might be a bit more mono than you are. So something like drugs, if there were a safe way to do it, and probably there is, I still wouldn't do it. I would fear it would distract me from a kind of program I've set for myself. Although I'm not religious, I think of my mental structure as somehow more like Protestant and mission driven.

Tim Ferriss 1:31:12 Mm-hmm.

Tyler Cowen 1:31:12 I suspect you're more competitive than I am.

Tim Ferriss 1:31:15 Hmm.

Tyler Cowen 1:31:15 Um.

Tim Ferriss 1:31:17 Maybe. I've tried to be less competitive over time.

Tyler Cowen 1:31:20 I've never tried to be less competitive-

Tim Ferriss 1:31:22 Yeah

Tyler Cowen 1:31:22 ... m- whether or not I should.

Tim Ferriss 1:31:24 Right.

Tyler Cowen 1:31:24 But I just think I'm less competitive to begin with.

Tim Ferriss 1:31:26 Yeah. That, that could be true. That could be true. I, I've, uh ... I think that many of my male role models growing up, sort of surrogate influences in that domain, were coaches. And so I've, I think, honed much of ... Well, "honed" makes it sound all positive. Uh, developed many of my behaviors and predispositions, some I'm sure I'm aware of and some certainly I am not, through the lens of competition and receiving positive reinforcement when I win. So that I think has been a huge blessing and provided a lot from the perspective of achievement. But, uh, I, I do think that conditioning can be very problematic, so, uh, I envy you being less competitive, uh, in that respect.

Tyler Cowen 1:32:22 What, what do you find of most value in religion?

Tim Ferriss 1:32:26 Well, uh, I, uh, I think that it's sort of presumptive for me to say, in a sense, because I don't, I don't consider myself religious. But [sighs] I think a peace of mind, uh, with otherwise what would be considered unknowns. So frameworks for making decisions, rules that you don't have to come up with on your own, and an assurance of plans or certain certainties with things like death, for instance, which otherwise could be existentially overwhelming to many people. Uh, but I-

Tyler Cowen 1:33:12 And you want to do these pilgrimages, right? That's wonderful, but it's striking that that's your plan for the year, is something almost defined by its religious nature.

Tim Ferriss 1:33:21 Yeah. Well, I, uh, they are certainly, I think, for some people defined, the pilgrimages are defined by some by their religious nature. I find religion endlessly fascinating, though I myself would not self-describe as religious. Uh, and I also find that I could perhaps get many of the same benefits of doing that if I walk the Appalachian Trail or the, or, or one of these other long, defined paths. But I like the inbuilt social interactions of stopping at inns or shrines, et cetera, with pit stops along the way for reflection. Uh, so I, I would say that I am more a naturalist, or if I wanted to stretch and somebody said, "You have to choose a religion," maybe an a- animist [laughs] of some type, um-

Tyler Cowen 1:34:18 Well, Miyazaki. If you love Spirited Away, right?

Tim Ferriss 1:34:20 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:34:20 That movie resonates-

Tim Ferriss 1:34:21 Yeah

Tyler Cowen 1:34:21 ... with you for a reason.

Tim Ferriss 1:34:23 Yeah. Right. The, that I could still find tremendous value in, uh, pilgrimage and contemplate the deep meaning that these paths have had for people during very tumultuous, difficult times, or times, as all times are, of great uncertainty. I find that, uh, I enjoy thinking about that, um, even though I wouldn't sort of as- to, uh, as- I don't ascribe to any, uh, formal religious group. Uh, so I-

Tyler Cowen 1:34:57 I took my daughter once to Santiago de Compostela in Spain, and we had a fantastic time, and the social resonance of it did truly matter for us.

Tim Ferriss 1:35:07 Yeah. Yeah. Absolutely. And not to get too, um, you can tear this apart, feel free, but I, I feel like there's a, there's a, there's a sort of a residue or a, an imprint that is made when you have thousands or millions of people traveling the same path, that, uh, whether it's a s- just a story you make yourself or otherwise, there, there ... I've, I've found my experiences on those paths to be quite non-ordinary. Uh, and that, that's, that, that could get into some pretty woo-woo, hand-wavey territory really quickly. But suffice to say, I just, I've, I've had very unusual experiences on, on some of these, these pilgrimage paths, and I, I find that intrinsically, uh, interesting to explore.

Tyler Cowen 1:35:59 If you think about this interest in pilgrimages, the large number of guests or people written about in your books that you relate to, and then also your ability to quickly learn languages and master very idiosyncratic accents in, say, Spanish and German. I mean, do you have a, a sense in your own mind of how that all fits together? Like, what's your unified theory of you? Because th- those are three very striking things about you.

Tim Ferriss 1:36:24 Oh.

Tyler Cowen 1:36:26 And maybe you've explained them somewhere that I haven't seen or heard, but this is my chance, so I'm asking you.

Tim Ferriss 1:36:32 Yeah. So the, the, we have the pilgrimages, we have the language learning, and then the skill acquisition of sort of strange, idiosyncratic, eclectic things like horseback archery. [laughs] But-

Tyler Cowen 1:36:45 But I, I have your book here, Tools of Titans, and your other books.

Tim Ferriss 1:36:47 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:36:47 There's so many different people you talk to or-

Tim Ferriss 1:36:49 Yeah

Tyler Cowen 1:36:49 ... correspond with.

Tim Ferriss 1:36:51 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:36:51 And you manage to enter into their worlds in some way to draw them out.

Tim Ferriss 1:36:55 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:36:55 Including on your podcast, of course.

Tim Ferriss 1:36:58 Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:36:58 So that's a skill.

Tim Ferriss 1:37:01 I was-

Tyler Cowen 1:37:01 The pilgrimages and then the language-

Tim Ferriss 1:37:03 Yeah

Tyler Cowen 1:37:03 ... with highly idiosyncratic accents. Done almost perfectly, I might add.

Tim Ferriss 1:37:07 Oh, thank you for that. Uh, I, if I-

Tyler Cowen 1:37:11 But it's the mix of perfect and idiosyncratic that's unusual-

Tim Ferriss 1:37:14 Yeah. I, I would say-

Tyler Cowen 1:37:15 ... in the languages

Tim Ferriss 1:37:15 ... yeah, I would say that if, if I had to come up with a unified theory of, of Tim, I've never tried before, but, uh, I'll take a stab at it, and it might be very dissatisfying. Uh, and I appreciate the questions, by the way. Uh [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 1:37:32 Well, this is what I've been thinking about.

Tim Ferriss 1:37:33 Uh, yeah, yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:37:33 So.

Tim Ferriss 1:37:34 Yeah, yeah. I, uh- I think that much like you have been, had certain software perhaps since the beginning that enables you to be, to, to handle the world with a certain degree of equanimity, I think that my programming from the beginning has made me very sensitive to stimuli. Uh, I, I think that as a kid I was very, very sensitive, not in the pejorative sense that I got upset about things easily, but rather if I were a scale, I wasn't a pound scale. My senses were more of a jewelry scale or something like that. Joule scale, excuse me. So when I was a kid, I had some terrible things happen to me, and I may talk about those more on a future episode of the podcast. We'll see. But suffice to say, I learned to... It was safer and better to numb myself and desensitize myself operating in the world and developed a lot of habits. I think competition was one, high pain tolerance related to that another, that allowed me to kind of bludgeon my sensitivity into submission so that I could achieve in the world. And I know this is, is a little long, but I'll, I'll wrap it up.

Tyler Cowen 1:39:05 No, this is great.

Tim Ferriss 1:39:05 Which, which is I think all of the things you described reflect a slow rediscovery and reopening of those sensitivities. And, uh, I am definitely at this point an introvert who can perform for short periods of time as an extrovert, but I find it exceptionally energetically costly. So-

Tyler Cowen 1:39:32 I have a saying. I-- It goes, "Introverts make the best extroverts."

Tim Ferriss 1:39:36 [laughs] Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, totally.

Tyler Cowen 1:39:39 'Cause we're not really putting ourselves out there in a way.

Tim Ferriss 1:39:41 Yeah. Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:39:42 Whereas the extroverts, it-- there's so much social anxiety involved-

Tim Ferriss 1:39:45 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 1:39:45 ... with like being on camera, being taped.

Tim Ferriss 1:39:48 Yeah, totally. So-

Tyler Cowen 1:39:49 Yeah

Tim Ferriss 1:39:49 ... so, so I think that that sensitivity would, uh, would, would be the unifying, the unifying, uh, if it's a unifying theory, is just that I have-- My perceptual aperture is by nature very wide. I have a very wide perceptual aperture, so I notice things like inflection in Mandarin Chinese or inflection in Greek or Turkish or languages that I might just study for a few weeks while I'm traveling. I, I notice things that, for whatever reason, seem to only be noticed by a small percentage of, say, tourists in those places who are actively focusing on a language. And I can find a walk of 100 miles extremely interesting because I notice it's not dull to me precisely because I notice so many things around me. But there are environments in which, uh, if I'm noticing the details versus using these kind of 2D Simpsons-esque avatars for things, it can be very exhausting. Um, so, uh, that, that's my best stab at answering your question.

Tyler Cowen 1:41:08 I very much hope you write and talk more about this because I think it would be phenomenal.

Tim Ferriss 1:41:12 Thank you for that. I appreciate it. I, I expect I will be writing a bit more about it. And, um, what about yourself? I mean, I, I know, I know I'm just reflecting back a very good question, but I'd like to get some practice. What is, what is your unifying theory? The unifying theory of Tyler.

Tyler Cowen 1:41:30 I think Tyler is quite curious, uh, loves to collect information. I think in a way I'm more an information collector than economist or any other single thing. Uh, very even-keeled, maybe just somehow fundamentally difficult for those reasons. Uh, like hard, hard to relate to.

Tim Ferriss 1:41:55 Hmm.

Tyler Cowen 1:41:55 Uh, definitely introverted, uh, but sort of always game for the next thing. And I think what I take from religion is this Protestant notion of having a personal project that you're obligated to see through in a very serious way that I find quite American and not really found in Protestantism elsewhere, or even kind of like the Jewish version of that. I'm not Jewish, uh, but there's kind of a Jewish version of the American Protestant sense of obligation, uh, that I find culturally powerful and appealing. And, uh, you know, I think not somehow being involved or engaged enough i, i, is my danger in many things. But there's a kind of thinness to myself, a kind of versatility that I can grasp onto things or work with different people or make part of a project work that make me very productive and very flexible, and I can just kind of power through and keep on going and, like, just not ever stop or feel the need to or need distraction. And when I do art, music, theater, whatever, to me it's all piling on. It's not escape from something I'm doing that becomes too much. It's like intensification. So that's like part of my theory of Tyler, but I'm also convinced, like, we never know ourselves, right?

Tim Ferriss 1:43:17 Right. Yeah.

Tyler Cowen 1:43:18 So we really don't, and that's part of the great tragedy of life, but it also makes life interesting.

Tim Ferriss 1:43:25 Yeah. It's, you know, part of the great tragedy and also I suppose part of the great incentive to find, find friends you can sit with who help you to discover more of yourself or develop more of yourself. Uh, not necessarily to compensate for being unable to know yourself completely, but, um, being a social creature and engaging with friends more deeply is, is a relatively new thing in my life, I would say, since regaining some of the sensitivities that I'd lost. So I find the, in a sense, the inability to know oneself completely, uh, a wonderful driver to facilitate more of those deep connections with others, at least for me.

Tyler Cowen 1:44:10 That's great.

Tim Ferriss 1:44:11 Yeah. And, uh, I-

Tyler Cowen 1:44:12 I hope-

Tim Ferriss 1:44:13 Go ahead.

Tyler Cowen 1:44:13 No, go on.

Tim Ferriss 1:44:14 Oh, no, I was just gonna say, I hope this, uh, I hope this is just the, the, the first of more conversations.

Tyler Cowen 1:44:20 I was gonna say exactly the same, so we are a bit more alike than we thought-

Tim Ferriss 1:44:23 [laughs]

Tyler Cowen 1:44:23 ... five seconds ago.

Tim Ferriss 1:44:24 [laughs] Uh, I really appreciate you taking the time, Tyler. This has, this has been great, and I, I appreciate you, uh, sort of pushing at the edges a bit and making me think, uh, which, which I always appreciate. I'll be thinking-

Tyler Cowen 1:44:39 And I will, in turn, think about this all more a great deal, and I hope you do, too.

Tim Ferriss 1:44:43 [laughs] I will. I will. And, uh, people can find you at marginalrevolution.com, Conversations with Tyler, the podcast, which I definitely recommend people take a look at. They can find you on Twitter at Tyler Cowen, and I'll link to everything in the show notes at tim.blog/podcast for people. You can find it very easily. Is there anything else you would like to mention before we wrap up?

Tyler Cowen 1:45:08 Just to thank you heartily, and, uh, till whenever.

Tim Ferriss 1:45:11 [laughs] All right. Thank you so much. And, uh, to everybody listening, and possibly watching, thanks for tuning in. Watch out for your talismans, work on your meta-rationality, and, and thanks for tuning in.